Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xvala
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Unknown. Several explanations are proposed:
- Back-formation from *xvaliti (see there)
- Related with Old Norse skval (“noisy talk”), skvala (“to squeal, bawl out”), suggesting Proto-Indo-European *skwel(H)- (“to speak loudly, to celebrate”)
- Borrowed from Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *huHarnā́h, compare Younger Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 n (xᵛarənah, “glory”)
Less likely from *slava (“fame”) with metathesis *slava > *svala > *xvala (according to some scholars, influenced by opposition *xula (“disgrace, shame”)); from Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to smolder, to burn”); related with Hittite (wallu-, “to praise”).
Noun
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *xvālà | *xvãlě | *xvālỳ |
| genitive | *xvālỳ | *xvālù | *xvãlъ |
| dative | *xvālě̀ | *xvālàma | *xvālàmъ |
| accusative | *xvālǫ̀ | *xvãlě | *xvālỳ |
| instrumental | *xvālòjǫ, *xvãlǫ** | *xvālàma | *xvālàmī |
| locative | *xvālě̀ | *xvālù | *xvālàsъ, *xvālàxъ* |
| vocative | *xvalo | *xvãlě | *xvālỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Related terms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic
- West Slavic
References
- ^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xvala”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 118
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “xvala xvaly”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander
Further reading
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999) “хвала”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 335
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “хвала”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “chwała”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN, page 72
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “chwała”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego, page 90
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “chwała”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 163
- Havlová, Eva, editor (1990), “chvala”, in Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského (in Czech), numbers 2 (blagъ – dělo), Prague: Academia, →ISBN, page 231
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982–2012), “хвала”, in Етимологічний словник української мови (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
- Snoj, Marko (2016) “hvala”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si
- В. В. Мартынов (1981) “Балто-славяно-иранские языковые отношения и глоттогенез славян: slava – xvala 'выражение благодарности'.”, in Балто-славянские исследования. 1980., Moscow: Nauka, page 25