Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ti

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *-tï
• *-di
• *-dï

*-ti

1. Past tense seen or clear

   ‎*seb- (“to love”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*sebdi (“(I saw/I'm sure) she/he/it loved.”)

1. Non verbs cannot directly take past tenses. The verb Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be (aux.)”) takes the past tense suffix and with it the meaning of the past tense is provided. For example;

   ‎*eb er- (“house + to be”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*eb erti (“(I saw/I'm sure) it was a house.”)

2. Contrary to modern usages, as in Old Turkic and Bulgar language, the consonants l, r and n are followed by the strong consonant form; remaining sounds are followed by the soft consonant form. For example;

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdï (“She/he/it flew.”)

   ‎*yüri- (“to walk”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*yüridi (“She/he/it walked.”)

   ‎*öl- (“to die”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*ölti (“She/he/it died.”)

3. It's also only effected by roundness harmony if used for first and second person singular and plural suffixes.

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdum (“I flew.”)

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učduŋ (“You flew.”)

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdumuŕ (“We flew.”)

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učduŋuŕ (“You flew.”)

See the Wikibooks page about past tenses in Proto-Turkic to learn more about it.

• *-miĺ (past tense heard or unclear)
• *-gan (verbal adjective)
• *-duk (past verbal adjective)

• Oghur:
  • Volga Bulgar: -تِ (-ti), -جِ (-çi)
    • Chuvash: -рӗ (-rĕ), -чӗ (-čĕ)
  • Khazar: 𐰻𐰘- (-ru) (classification disputed)
• Common Turkic:

• Erdal, Marcel (2004) “-dI”, in A Grammar of Old Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies; 3), Brill Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 238
• Krueger, John Richard (1961) Chuvash Manual: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary (Uralic and Altaic Series; 7), Indiana University, →ISBN, page 144