Tones:
| Notation | Tone category |
|---|---|
| 1 | 陰平 |
| 2 | 陽平 |
| 3 | 陰上 |
| 4 | 陽上 |
| 5 | 陰去 |
| 6 | 陽去 |
| 7 | 陰入 |
| 7A | 上陰入 |
| 7B | 下陰入 |
| 8 | 陽入 |
This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 曾開一 平登匣, i.e. homophonous with 恆 (MC hong).
The Zhao'an (Taiwan) Hakka form appears to be a borrowing from Min Nan.
This etymon, written as 遽 in some academic sources, is likely derived from 激 (MC kek, “rapid; intense”), whose MC rime 錫開 can develop into in the above varieties of Hakka (compare 錫 and 壁 with the same MC rime); c.f. the semantic development of 猛 "vigorous" > "fast" (in Hakka and Min Nan).
PSM *niã4 can be reconstructed for this etymon. It is perhaps descended from 嶺 (“mountain”); c.f. 嶺 PSM *niã3 > Xiamen , Shantou , Leizhou .
Douglas (1877) records Zhangzhou suā1 liŋ6 "the sloping shoulder of a hill" (p. 302) and suã1 lioŋ6 "the shoulder of a mountain, rising higher than the connecting ridge" (p. 312). The second syllables of both words are perhaps not related to , and in particular cannot be descended from 嶺. The ioŋ rime in lioŋ6 suggests a MC origin of this morpheme; it is perhaps 壟 (MC ljowngX, “mound”), which is also compatible with liŋ6 as MC 鍾韻 corresponds to Zhangzhou iŋ in some words (c.f. 弓 in 弓鞋 (keng-ê), 龍 in 龍眼 (lêng-kán), 重 (têng), and 湧 (éng)).
This etymon occurs as a standalone word and in some compounds in various varieties of Min Nan. Compare the following etymon, also derived from 事:
The Shantou form is literary.
While the second syllable in Min Nan can theoretically be 侍 (MC dzyiH), the second syllables in Yue and Hakka cannot be 侍 as 事 (MC dzriH) and 侍 (MC dzyiH) are not homophones in the above Yue and Hakka varieties.
| 事 | 侍 | |
|---|---|---|
| Guangzhou Yue
(19th century) |
sz̩6 | ʃi6 |
| Kaying Hakka
(1926) |
sɨ5 | ʃi5 |
Early Cantonese texts authored by missionaries exclusively use 服事 instead of 服侍. 服侍 is recorded in neither McIver (1926) nor Rey (1926), suggesting 服侍 was not in use in the varieties of Hakka both dictionaries recorded.
熟事 occurs in both Min Nan and Taiwanese Hakka. The second syllable in Min Nan cannot be 似 since the tone of MC 似 (MC ziX) is shangsheng but the second syllable in Quanzhou has qusheng instead of yangshang (tone 4). While it is possible that the Taiwanese Hakka forms are instead 熟似, it is more likely that the Taiwanese Hakka forms were calqued from Min Nan. McIver (1926) also records 熟事 shu̍k sṳ̀ (p. 734), but it is glossed as "well versed in affairs".
It is unclear if this etymon is related to 杉 (MC sream) (咸開二 平咸生). The palato-alveolar initial in Yue varieties that contrast alveolar and palato-alveolar initials (i.e. 1856 Guangzhou and Lianxian (Qingshui)) reflects MC 徹母, 昌母 or 初母, while the alveolar initial in Hakka varieties that contrast alveolar and palato-alveolar initials reflects MC 徹母 (div. 2), 初母, or 清母. The Yue and Hakka finals are consistent with MC 咸開二, i.e. 咸韻 or 銜韻. This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 咸開二 去鑑初, i.e. homophonous with 懺 (MC tsrhaemH), although an MC 徹母 (div. 2) origin is also theoretically possible. The final of the Taishan (Taicheng) form appears to be irregular (the expected final is am), while the tones of the McIver (1926) and Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) forms are irregular (the expected tone in both cases is 5).
This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 咸開二 平陷澄, i.e. homophonous with 𧸖 (MC dreamH). In 說文新附 by 徐鉉 (916–991), 𧸖, with the fanqie 佇陷切, is glossed as "重買也，錯也。从貝廉聲", while in 宋本玉篇, 𧸖 with the fanqie 徒陷切 is glossed as "錯也，重賣也". This word with the meaning of "to hinder; to affect adversely" is attested in various texts from and after the Song dynasty as 賺 (see Hanyu Da Zidian).