e.g.

English

Etymology

The adverb is a terser form of ex. gr., both abbreviating Latin exemplī grātiā (“for the sake of an example”); e.g. was also used as an abbreviation in Latin.

The noun is derived from the adverb.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˌiːˈdʒiː/, /fɔːɹ‿ɪɡˈzɑːmpəl/ (see the usage notes below)
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˌiˈd͡ʒi/, /fɔɹ‿ɪɡˈzæmpəl/ (see the usage notes below)

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iː, -ɑːmpəl

Adverb

e.g.

1. An initialism used to introduce an illustrative example or short list of examples: for the sake of an example; for example.

   Continents (e.g., Asia) contain many large bodies of water (e.g., lakes and inland seas) and many large flowing streams of water (i.e., rivers).

   • 1682, Richard Baxter, “Mr. Dodwell’s Leviathan, or Absolute Destructive Prelacy, . Chapter III. The Consequence of Mr. Dodwell’s foresaid Doctrine.”, in An Answer to Mr. Dodwell and Dr. Sherlocke; Confuting an Universal Humane Church— , London: Thomas Parkhurst, , →OCLC, § 14, page 23:

     For though all is not to be done that is to be believed, yet all muſt be believed to be lavvful and duty vvhich muſt be done as ſuch: e. g. VVe cannot love God, vvorſhip him, hear and read his VVord, &c. as by Divine obedience, unleſs vve believe it to be our duty by a Divine command.

   • 1889 July 18, The Nation; quoted in “Dr. [Joseph] Leidy’s Anatomy”, in William Pepper [et al.], editors, The University Medical Magazine, volume II, number 1, Philadelphia, Pa.: A. L. Hummel, October 1889, →OCLC, page 45:

     Stated in technical linguistic terms, in this treatise pœcilonymy is avoided; e. g., instead of tænia hippocampi in one place, corpus fimbriatum in another, and fimbria in a third, the last is consistently employed and the others given as synonyms.

   • 1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 17: Ithaca]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, , →OCLC, part III [Nostos], page 668:

     Might he become a gentleman farmer of field produce and live stock? Not impossibly, with 1 or 2 stripper cows, 1 pike of upland hay and requisite farming implements, e. g., an end-to-end churn, a turnip pulper etc.

   • 1963, V S Agrawala, “Social Life”, in India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 2nd edition, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Prithvi Kumar, Prithivi Prakashan, →OCLC, section 3 (Marriage), page 88:

     The social status of the husband devolved on his wife, as implied in Pāṇini’s sūtra (Puṁyogād ākhyāyām, IV. 1. 48), i. e. a designation derived from her husband; e. g. mahāmātrī (ministrix), wife of a mahāmātra, a high government official, and gaṇakī, wife of a gaṇaka (accountant).

   • 2000, Endymion Wilkinson, “Geography”, in Chinese History: A New Manual (Harvard–Yenching Institute Monograph Series; 52), revised edition, Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard–Yenching Institute, →ISBN, page 135:

     Cities were not infrequently named after the era name in which they were founded (e.g., Shaoxing 紹興 in Zhejiang, after the Shaoxing era, 1131–62).

Usage notes

• Unlike etc., e.g. is very seldom read as a full Latin phrase. Like i.e., it is typically read out as its English calque (“for example”) or as its letters (“E-G”). It is also sometimes taught or glossed as “example given” for the benefit of English speakers.
• E.g. and its examples are typically set off from the rest of the sentence by punctuation. In US English, e.g. is usually followed by a comma. It is not followed by a comma in other English-speaking countries.

(UK) I like sweet foods, e.g. danishes.

(US) I like sweet foods (e.g., marzipan) but brush regularly.

(US) I like sweet foods (e.g. marzipan) but brush regularly.

(rare, US) I like sweet foods — e.g., red-bean zongzi — and so prefer Shanghainese cuisine to, e.g., Cantonese.

• The example(s) following e.g. should be illustrative, not exhaustive. An exhaustive list or rephrasing uses i.e. instead. The use of etc. after e.g. is typically redundant.
• Rarely, exempli gratia is spelled in full.

Alternative forms

• eg
• e. g., e. gr., ex. gr. (dated or obsolete)

Translations

Noun

e.g.

1. (informal, nonstandard, proscribed) An example.

   Lemurs are an e.g. of a non-simian primate.

References

Anagrams

• GE, Ge, gE

Latin

Alternative forms

• e. g.

Adverb

e.g. (by justification)

1. exemplī grātiā ("for the sake of an example, for example")
   • 1732 (MDCCXXXII), Antonius Mayr, Theologia Scholastica, Ingolstadium, page 55, by justification:

     nam licèt e. g. fornicatio prohibita sit […] non tamen id semper fieri necesse est. e.g. aliquis corruptus pecuniâ […] & tamen obligationem e. g. restituendi damnum

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1821, Julius Müller, Ratio et historia odii quo foenus habitum est, pages 3 and 10, by justification:

     Interdum etiam utrumque vocabulum in usu loquendi inter se commutatur, e. g. Dig. XIII, C. 4. Liv. XXIII, 48.
     Recentiora denique iura, quibus foenus prohibitum est, e.g. ius Francogallorum, […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)