gwybod

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Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh gwybot, from Proto-Brythonic *gwɨbod. Originally a compound of bod (“to be”) with an adjective derived from Proto-Celtic *wid-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to know”).[1][2]

Pronunciation

Verb

gwybod (first-person singular present gwn)

  1. to know (be certain or sure about (something); have knowledge of; be informed about)

Usage notes

  • In the colloquial language, this verb does not form an inflected preterite; instead the imperfect and the periphrastic preterite are used.
  • This verb is not used in the sense of knowing a person or a place, only facts. To know a person/place is adnabod/nabod.

Conjugation

Conjugation
Literary forms singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present gwn gwyddost gŵyr gwyddom gwyddoch gwyddant gwyddys, gwys, gwyddir
future gwybyddaf gwybyddi gwybydd gwybyddwn gwybyddwch gwybyddant gwyddir, gwybyddir
imperfect gwyddwn gwyddit gwyddai, gwyddiad gwyddem gwyddech gwyddent gwyddid, gwybyddid
preterite gwybûm gwybuost gwybu gwybuom gwybuoch gwybuont, gwybuant gwybuwyd
pluperfect gwybuaswn gwybuasit gwybuasai gwybuasem gwybuasech gwybuasent gwybuasid
present subjunctive gwypwyf, gwybyddwyf gwypych, gwybyddych gwypo, gwybyddo gwypom, gwybyddom gwypoch, gwybyddoch gwypont, gwybyddont gwyper, gwybydder
imperfect subjunctive gwypwn, gwybyddwn gwypit, gwybyddit gwypai, gwybyddai gwypem, gwybyddem gwypech, gwybyddech gwypent, gwybyddent gwypid, gwybyddid
imperative — gwybydd gwyped, gwybydded gwybyddwn gwybyddwch gwypent, gwybyddent gwyper, gwybydder
verbal noun gwybod
verbal adjectives gwybodedig
gwybodadwy, gwybyddadwy


Colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
present gwn i gwyddost ti gŵyr e/o/hi gwyddon ni gwyddoch chi gwyddon nhw, gwyddan nhw
imperfect gwyddwn i gwyddet ti gwyddai fe/fo/hi gwydden ni gwyddech chi gwydden nhw
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.
  • In northern colloquial language, gwn may be prefixed with d- in the phrase dwn i ddim (“I don't know”), where dwn is a contraction of literary nid wn.

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of gwybod
radical soft nasal aspirate
gwybod wybod ngwybod unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 191 iii
  2. ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gwybod”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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