pēc

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See also: pec, PEC, peć, peč, peč̣, and peç

Latvian

Etymology

As adverb (the nowadays more frequent prepositional use is a later development), pēc is the reflex of an earlier pēdis (after(wards)), still found dialectally and in folk songs, itself from *pēdies, an old instrumental plural form of pēds, a morphological variant of pēda (foot sole; footprint). The original meaning was therefore sequentiality, like footprints: “one after the other,” from which later “after that,” “after...”.[1]

Pronunciation

Adverb

pēc

  1. after, afterwards, later, later on (in a moment of time posterior to the reference time)
    pēc, kad noticis, visi gudriafter (something) happens, all (are) wise (= in hindsight, everything is obvious)
    jo dzestrāku rīts rasu audis, jo skaidrāka pēc diena būsthe fresher, cooler the morning makes the dew, the clearer, brighter the day will be later
    jāiet pamielot viešņa arī, lai nerunā pēc, ka mēs tai likuši aiziet tukšā dūšāwe have to feed the visitor, too, so that she won't say later that we made her go on an empty stomach

Preposition

pēc (with genitive)

  1. used to refer to a time posterior to a certain action or event; after, in
    pēc tamafter that
    pēc brīža istabā ienāca māteafter a moment, mother came in
    ierasties pēc divām stundāmto arrive after, in two hours
    vilciens atiet pēc stundasthe train leaves in (lit. after) an hour
    pēc darba braucu uz mājāmafter work I go home
    pēc pusnakts sākās vētraafter midnight a storm started
    pēc lietus labi aug sēnesafter the rain, mushrooms grow well
    pēc diviem mēnešiem būs pārbaudījumiafter two months there will be a test
    pēc koncerta notika pārrunasafter the concert there were discussions
    nodarbības turpināsies pēc pārtraukumaclasses will resume after the break
    aizrit diena pēc dienas... bet vēstules no brāļa kā nav, tā navday after day passes... and yet, no letters from (his) brother
  2. used to refer to a place located further away than a certain reference point or distance; after
    pēc diviem kilometriem būs krustceļšafter two kilometers there will be a crossroads
    pēc kāda gabala gājējs apstājāsafter a certain distance the (walking) traveler stopped
  3. used in reference to a sequence in time or space; after, by
    dot dzert visiem pēc kārtasto give to drink to everyone in a row (lit. after order, in order)
    lopus citu pēc cita izveda no kūtsthey drove the animals out of the barn one after the other
    viņi nolēma atpūsties pēc katriem pieciem kilometriemthey decided to rest after every five kilometers
  4. used to indicate the purpose or goal of an action; for, after, in order to get
    iet uz aku pēc ūdensto go to the well for, to get water
    aiziet uz veikalu pēc maizesto go to the shop after bread
    sniegties pēc grāmatasto reach out for a book
    jautāt pēc saimniecesto ask for the lady
    kliegt pēc palīdzībasto shout for help
    censties pēc izglītībasto strive for education
    skumt pēc Rīgasto grieve for Rīga
    ilgas pēc dzimtenesa longing for one's home(land)
    kāre pēc medusa craving for honey
    alkt pēc zemenēmto crave (for) strawberries
    “ko tā vālodze sauc?” “vālodze sauc pēc lietus”“what is the oriole calling?” “the oriole is calling for rain”
  5. (postnominally, as a postposition) used to indicate the cause or reason for something, the motive of an action; for, because of, for the sake of
    skata pēcfor the sake of appearance, formatlity
    dziedāt gara laika pēcto sing because of boredom
    audzēt puķes košuma pēcto grow flowers for (their) beauty
    strādāt bērnu pēcto work for (the benefit of) the children
    pieklājības pēc viņš pateica dažus vārdushe said a few words for the sake of politeness
  6. used to indicate the basis, the grounds for something; by, according to
    pēc rakstura saticīgs cilvēksby character a sociable person
    pēc izglītības ķīmiķisa chemist by training
    spriest par cilvēku pēc viņa darbiemto judge a person by his works
    sakārtot kastes pēc lielumato arrange the boxes by size
    līdzskaņu klasifikācija pēc aktīvā runas orgānaa classification of consonants according to the active organ of speech
  7. used to indicate the way, the method, the example being followed; by, according to
    strādāt pēc plānato work accroding to plan
    rīkoties pēc vajadzībasto act by, according to necessity
    uzmest skici pēc atmiņasto draw a sketch by memory
    izvēlēties krāsu pēc savas gaumesto choose a color according to one's taste
    strādāt pēc labākās sirdsapziņasto work according to one's (best) conscience
    ganos dziedāju, jo ganam pēc paraduma ir jādziedI sing in the pastures, because by tradition shepherds must sing
  8. used to indicate similarity; like, after
    īstenība pēc direktora viņš nemaz neizskatāsin truth, he doesn't look at all like the director
    te ož pēc dūmiemit smells here like smoke
    arāja rokas smaržo pēc zemes, sējēja rokas pēc graudiemthe plower's hands smell like earth, the sower's hands like grain

Usage notes

Usually the genitive is used with pēc, but in the phrase pēc tam “after that” the dative form tam of tas “that” is unexpectedly used.

Synonyms

  • (of "for, because"): dēļ

Antonyms

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “pēc”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN