سفر

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See also: شقر and س ف ر

Arabic

Root
س ف ر (s f r)
7 terms

Etymology 1.1

Compare Akkadian 𒊭𒉺𒀸 (šapārum, to send).

Pronunciation

Noun

سَفَر (safarm (plural أَسْفَار (ʔasfār))

  1. departure, journey, travel
  2. campaign, military expedition
Declension
Descendants

Etymology 1.2

Pronunciation

Verb

سَفَّرَ (saffara) II (non-past يُسَفِّرُ (yusaffiru), verbal noun تَسْفِير (tasfīr))

  1. to cause to journey, to put on board
Conjugation

Etymology 1.3

Pronunciation

Verb

سَفَرَ (safara) I (non-past يَسْفِرُ (yasfiru), verbal noun سَفْر (safr)) (archaic)

  1. to strip, to remove, to sweep away, to carry off in every direction
Conjugation

Etymology 1.4

Pronunciation

Noun

سَفْر (safrm

  1. verbal noun of سَفَرَ (safara) (form I)
Declension

Etymology 2

Verb

سَفَرَ (safara) I (non-past يَسْفِرُ (yasfiru), verbal noun سُفُور (sufūr))

  1. (intransitive) to unveil, to put away one's shroud
    • a. 1113, Al-Abīwardīy, وَسِربِ عَذارى مِن رَبيعَةِ عامِرٍ:
      وَقَد سَفَرَتْ عَنْ وَجْهِهَا فَتَمَزَّقَتْ
      waqad safarat ʕan wajhihā fatamazzaqat
      She removed her veil and got torn.
Conjugation

Etymology 3.1

Terminology of the religious sphere, borrowed from Aramaic סִפְרָא (sip̱rā, writing, book) / ܣܷܦܪܴܐ (sep̱rā, writing, book); compare Biblical Hebrew סֵפֶר (sḗp̄er, writing, book). Ultimately from Akkadian 𒅆𒅁𒀸 (šiprum).

Pronunciation

Noun

سِفْر (sifrm (plural أَسْفَار (ʔasfār))

  1. verbal noun of سَفَرَ (safara, to copy, to write) (form I)
  2. written book
    Synonym: كِتَاب (kitāb)
    • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 62:5:
      مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ حُمِّلُوا التَّوْرَاةَ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَحْمِلُوهَا كَمَثَلِ الْحِمَارِ يَحْمِلُ أَسْفَارًا
      maṯalu llaḏīna ḥummilū t-tawrāta ṯumma lam yaḥmilūhā kamaṯali l-ḥimāri yaḥmilu ʔasfāran
      The example of those who were entrusted with the Torah and then did not take it on is like that of a donkey who carries volumes of books.
    • 1924, أمين الريحاني [ʔAmīn ar-Rīḥānī], “السيد الإدريسي – (٦) أديان وأشجان”, in ملوك العرب, Windsor, United Kingdom: مؤسسة هنداوي [Hindawi Foundation], published 2021, →ISBN, page 185:
      وَجَدْتُهُ صَبَاحَ ٱلْعِيدِ جَالِسًا عَلَى ٱلْعَرْشِ مُعْتَمَّا بِعِمَامَةٍ هِنْدِيَّةٍ وَافِرَةٍ، طَوِيلَةِ ٱلذُّؤَابَةِ، بَاهِرَةِ ٱلْأَلْوَانِ، وَبِيَدِهِ سِفْرٌ إِنْكِلِيزِيٌّ فِي ٱلْفُطْرِيَّاتِ كَانَ يُتَرْجِمُهُ إِلَى ٱللُّغَةِ ٱلْهِنْدِسْتَانِيَّةِ.
      wajadtuhu ṣabāḥa l-ʕīdi jālisan ʕalā l-ʕarši muʕtammā biʕimāmatin hindiyyatin wāfiratin, ṭawīlati ḏ-ḏuʔābati, bāhirati l-ʔalwāni, wabiyadihi sifrun ʔinkilīziyyun fī l-fuṭriyyāti kāna yutarjimuhu ʔilā l-luḡati l-hindistāniyyati.
      On the feast in the morning I found him sitting on a throne in an opulent Indian turban, long in lappets, brilliant in colours, and in his hand an English book about the natural sciences he translated into Hindustani.
  3. (Christianity, Judaism) a book of the Bible
    سِفْرُ ٱلْمُلُوكِ ٱلْأَوَّلُsifru l-mulūki l-ʔawwaluthe First Book of Kings
  4. (archaic) trace, mark, writing
Declension

Etymology 3.2

Verb

سَفَرَ (safara) I (non-past يَسْفِرُ (yasfiru), verbal noun سِفْر (sifr))

  1. (archaic) to copy, to scribe, to write
    Synonym: كَتَبَ (kataba)
Conjugation

Etymology 3.3

Pronunciation

Noun

سَفْر (safrm

  1. mark, trace, vestige
Declension

References

  • Freytag, Georg (1833) “سفر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 321
  • Jeffery, Arthur (1938) “سِفْر”, in The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 170–171
  • Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “سفر”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 1097
  • Lane, Edward William (1863) “سفر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1370
  • Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سفر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen, page 496
  • Wehr, Hans (1979) “سفر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 481

Central Kurdish

Central Kurdish cardinal numbers
۰ ۱  > 
    Cardinal : سفر (sifr)

Etymology

From Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr).

Numeral

سفر (sifir)

  1. zero; 0

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

From Arabic سَفَر (safar).

Noun

سفر (sefer)

  1. travel
  2. campaign

Descendants

Persian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic سَفَر (safar). Cognate of English safari.

Pronunciation

Readings
Classical reading? safar
Dari reading? safar
Iranian reading? safar
Tajik reading? safar

Noun

Dari سفر
Iranian Persian
Tajik сафар

سفر (safar)

  1. travel
    من سفر هوائی را دوست ندارم.
    man safar havâ'i-râ dust nadâram.
    I don't like travelling by air.
  2. trip
  3. voyage
  4. journey
  5. expedition

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic سِفْر (sifr).

Pronunciation

Readings
Classical reading? sifr
Dari reading? sifr
Iranian reading? sefr
Tajik reading? sifr

Noun

سفر (sefr)

  1. book

South Levantine Arabic

Etymology

De-emphaticization in urban Palestinian accents.

Numeral

سفر (sifr)

  1. Alternative form of صفر (ṣifr): zero

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سفر (safar), from Arabic سَفَر (safar). Cognate of English safari.

Pronunciation

Noun

سَفَر (safarm (Hindi spelling सफ़र)

  1. travel, trip, journey, voyage

Declension

    Declension of سفر
singular plural
direct سَفَر (safar) سَفَر (safar)
oblique سَفَر (safar) سَفَروں (safarõ)
vocative سَفَر (safar) سَفَرو (safaro)

See also

Further reading

  • سفر”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
  • سفر”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary , Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
  • Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “سفر”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.

Ushojo

Etymology

From Urdu سفر (safar).

Noun

سفر (safar)

  1. travel, voyage
  2. trip, journey
  3. expedition