羯磨

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Chinese

phonetic
trad. (羯磨) 羯 磨
simp. #(羯磨) 羯 磨

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 羯 磨
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 月 (67) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 居謁切 莫婆切
Baxter kjot ma
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kiɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kɨat̚/ /mwa/
Li
Rong 		/kiɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Wang
Li 		/kĭɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɨ̯ɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jie mó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		git3 mo4

Noun

羯磨

  1. (Buddhism, archaic) karma

Synonyms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (羯磨):
  • → Japanese: 羯磨(かつま) (katsuma)
  • → Vietnamese: Yết-ma (羯磨)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
羯 磨
かつ
Hyōgai 		ま
Grade: S
on'yomi

*/kɨatɨ mʷa/ → /katuma/ → /kat͡suma/

From Middle Chinese 羯磨 (MC kjot ma), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).

This pronunciation is prevalent in many Japanese schools of Buddhism, Tendai and Jōdo-shū to name a few.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

羯(かつ)磨(ま) • (katsuma) 

  1. (Buddhism) karma:
    1. a person's actions, deeds, works, etc.
      Synonyms: 行為 (kōi), 業 (gō), 所作 (shosa)
    2. confessions and/or vows to follow Buddhist precepts (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    3. Short for 羯磨金剛 (katsuma kongō): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Derived terms

Proper noun

羯(かつ)磨(ま) • (Katsuma) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
羯 磨
Hyōgai ま
Grade: S
irregular kun'yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

羯磨(こんま) • (konma) 

  1. (Shingon Buddhism) karma: same as 羯磨(かつま) (katsuma) above

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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