Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/der-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *derH-^[1]

*der-^[1]

1. to split, to separate
2. to tear, to crack, to shatter

• *dér-ti ~ *dr-énti (root present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *derˀtéi
    • Lithuanian: dérti
    • Proto-Slavic: *dertì (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *teraną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *dérō
    • Ancient Greek: δέρω (dérō)
• *dr̥-néH-ti ~ *dr̥-nH-énti (néH-present?)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥náHti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥náHti
      • Sanskrit: दृणाति (dṛṇā́ti)
    • Proto-Iranian: *dr̥náHti
      • Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (dər^ənəṇti)
      • Khotanese: (dar(r)-)
      • Baluchi: درت (dirt, “to tear up”), در (dirr)/ دن (din-)
      • Kurdish:

        Central Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

        Northern Kurdish: dirîn (dirīn), dir (dir-)

        Southern Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

      • Zaza-Gorani:

        Gurani: دڕیای (diřāy, “to tear”), در (dir-)

        Zazaki: dirnayen (dirnāyan, “to tear off, cut off”), diřa (dirrā-)

      • Middle Persian: (/⁠darrīdan⁠/)

        Book Pahlavi script: (SDKWNtn'), (dlytn')

        • Classical Persian: دریدن (darrīdan)

          Dari: دریدن (darrīdan)

          Iranian Persian: دریدن (darrīdan)

          Tajik: даррӣдан (darridan)

      • Lurish:
        • Northern Luri: درنییاْ (derniye)
        • Bakhtiari: درنیڌن (derniđen)
        • Southern Luri: درنیڌن (derniđen)
• *dr̥-nh₂-é-ti ~ dr̥-nh₂-é-nti (nh₂-present?)
  • Proto-Germanic: *turnaną
    • Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*taurnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aftaurnan), 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (distaurnan))
• *dér-mn̥ ~ dr̥-mnés (deverbal)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *dérmə
    • Ancient Greek: δέρμα (dérma)
• *dr̥-tis
  • Proto-Germanic: *turþiz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *də́rtis
    • Ancient Greek: δάρσις (dársis)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥tiš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥tiṣ
      • Sanskrit: दृति (dṛ́ti)
• *dr̥-nos
  • Proto-Celtic: *darnos, *darnā
    • Proto-Brythonic: *darn
      • Middle Breton: darn
      • Cornish: darn
      • Middle Welsh: darn
        • Welsh: darn
    • Gaulish: *darnā
      • → French: darne (“piece, slice of fish”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *turnaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *dь̀rnъ (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian: djerr
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dírāˀtei
    • Lithuanian: dìrti/dir̃ti
    • Proto-Slavic: *dьràti (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Celtic:
    • Old Irish: drécht (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *trinnaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *trannijaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hyátay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥Hyátay
      • Sanskrit: दीर्यते (dīryáte)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hakas (perhaps)
    • Proto-Iranian: *dr̥Hakah
      • Classical Persian: دره (dirra, “skin; a kind of Islamic punishment which related to sewing skin of the sinful person”) ^[2]

• Proto-Albanian: *darda
  • Albanian: derdh
    • Albanian: dardhë
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dar-
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dar-
    • Sanskrit: दॄ (dṝ)