Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ma

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mjaɣ (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *ma (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987)

Possible derivative: *ba-j ~ ma-j (“what”).

*ma

1. no, not, negative, not have, none

• Old Chinese:

  無 / 无 /*ma/ (B-S; ZS) ("not have")

  微 (wēi) /*məj/ (B-S); /*mɯl/ (ZS) ("not, no")

  毋 (wú) /*mo/ (B-S); /*ma/ (ZS) ("do not")

  勿 /*mut/ (B-S); /*mɯd/ (ZS) ("not, don't")

  未 (wèi) /*mət-s/ (B-S); /*mɯds/ (ZS) ("not yet, haven't")

  靡 /*majʔ/ (B-S); /*mralʔ/ (ZS) ("not, no")

  亡 /*maŋ/ (B-S; ZS) ("not have; to flee, to disappear, to die")

  ＞ 罔 (wǎng) /*maŋʔ/ ("no, not"), 荒 (huāng) /*m̥ˤaŋ/ ("to waste (a land)"), 喪 / 丧 /*s-mˤaŋ/, /*s-mˤaŋ-s/ ("to lose, to die"), 忘 (wàng) /*maŋ/, /*maŋ-s/ ("to lose, to abandon, to forget")

  沒 / 没 /*mɯːd/ (ZS) ("to end, to disappear, to drown")

  莫 /*mˤak/ (B-S); /*maːɡ/ (ZS) ("none, nobody, nothing; do not; cannot")

  • Middle Chinese: 無 / 无 (mɨo), 微 (mʉi), 毋 (mɨo), 勿 (mɨut), 未 (mʉiH), 靡 (mɣiᴇX), 亡 (mʉɐŋ), 罔 (mʉɐŋX), 荒 (hwɑŋ), 喪 / 丧 (sɑŋ, sɑŋH), 忘 (mʉɐŋH), 沒 / 没 (muət), 莫 (mɑk)
    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: all of the above, in particular:

        沒 / 没 (méi, /meɪ̯³⁵/, "not, haven't, none, nothing")

        無 / 无 (wú, /u³⁵/, "not have, un-")

        • 嗎 / 吗 (ma, /ma/, "interrogative particle")

        什麽 / 什么 (shénme, /ʂən³⁵ mə³/, "what")

    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: all of the above, also:

        唔 /m̩²¹/ ("not")

        冇 /mou̯¹³/ ("not, haven't, none, nothing")

        未 (wèi) /mei²²/ ("not yet")

        乜 /mɐt̚⁵/ ("what")

    • Wu
      • Shanghai: all of the above, also:

        嘸 / 呒 (obsolete) /ɦm̩²³/, 嘸沒 / 呒没 /ɦm̩²² mə̆ʔ⁴⁴/ ("not have, not, no")

        勿 /v̻ə̆ʔ¹²/ ("not, no")

        ＞ 覅 (v̻iɔ²³, “do not”), 勿會 / 勿会 (v̻ᴇ²³, “cannot”)

  • Min
    • Min Nan
      • Taiwan: all of the above, in particular:

        未 (wèi) /be³³/, /bue³³/ ("not, no") (colloquial)

• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: མ (ma, “not”), མི (mi, “not”), མེད (med), མེད་པ (med pa, “not have”)
  • Mahakiranti
    • Kiranti
      • Eastern Kiranti = Rai
        • Limbu: ᤔᤧ (mê, “not”)
• Tangut-Qiang
  • rGyalrongic
    • Japhug: mɯ
    • Situ: ma
    • Tshobdun: mə/mɐ
    • Zbu: mɐ
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Burmese: မ (ma., “not”)
    • Loloish
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꂸ (map, “no, not, none (literary)”)

• *ta (“negative imperative”)
• Arabic ما (mā, “not; what”)
• Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (“prohibitive particle; what”)
• Japanese まじ (maji, “prohibitive particle”)