User:Alexlin01/NH cognates/Morphology

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*N-

Serves primarily as a nominalization prefix attached to verbs.

PNH Pairs

PNNH Pairs

→ ‎*N-
‎*N- + ‎*ḋabo(t) (“to be wounded”) → ‎*ɲabo(t) (“a wound”)
‎*N- + ‎*ḋagim (“to owe”) → ‎*ɲagim (“debt”)
‎*N- + ‎*p1esak (“to be wet”) → ‎*besak (“rain”) (possibly)
‎*N- + ‎*tiʔikit (“to cough”) → ‎*diʔikit (“a cough”)
‎*N- + ‎*towoŋi (“to walk along the water's edge”) → ‎*dowoŋi (“beach, shore, coast”)

Other

  • N- prefixation occurred in the proto-language and in more recent times (though present productivity is uncertain). Note Tabaru aeme (“to lick”), from PNNH *laḋem and Tabaru ngaeme (“tongue”). This process could have only happened after Tabaru lost l, which cannot be too old (c.f. Tabaru caana (“pants”) and Tabaru saaka (“silver”)).

*siN-

Verbal Clitics

Subject-Marking Clitics

*tV-

1st Person Singular
  • West Makian: t-
  • PNNH: to-
    • PNeNH: to-
    • Sahu: to-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: to-

*nV-

2nd Person Singular
  • West Makian: n-
  • PNNH: no-
    • PNeNH: no-
    • Sahu: no-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: no-

*wV-

3rd Person Singular Masculine
  • PNNH: wo-
    • PNeNH: wo-
    • Sahu: o-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: wo-

*mV-

3rd Person Singular Feminine
  • PNNH: mo-
    • PNeNH: mo-
    • Sahu: mo-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: mo-

*i-

3rd Person Singular Inanimate (WM) or Non-Human (PNNH)
  • West Makian: i-
  • PNNH: i-
    • PNeNH: i-
      • Galela: i-
      • Loloda: i-
      • Tobelo: i-
      • Pagu: i-
      • Tabaru: i-
    • Sahu: i-
    • Ternate: i-

*ma-

3rd Person Singular Inanimate (WM) or Non-Human (PNNH)

*p1V-

1st Person Plural Inclusive
  • PNNH: p1o-
    • PNeNH: p1o-
      • Galela: po-
      • Loloda: wo-
      • Tobelo: ho-
      • Pagu: wo- (dialectal po- also exists)
      • Tabaru: po- (irregular, wo- is expected)
    • Sahu: wo-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: fo-

*mV-

1st Person Plural Exclusive
  • PNNH: mV-
    • PNeNH: mi-
    • Sahu: mi-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: mV-

*nV-

2nd Person Plural
  • PNNH: nV-
    • PNeNH: ni-
    • Sahu: ni-
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: nV-

*yV-

3rd Person Plural Human
May be i + o
  • PNNH: yo-, i-
    • PNeNH: yo-, i-
    • Sahu: ?
    • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: i-, yo-
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