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User:Sumiaz/Nahuatl. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
User:Sumiaz/Nahuatl, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
User:Sumiaz/Nahuatl in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
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Noun morphology
Predicative prefixes
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 1
|
ni- "I" |
ti- "we"
|
| 2
|
ti- "you (sg)" |
an- "you (pl)"
|
| 3
|
∅- "he/she/it/they"
|
Titoltecatl. "You are a Toltec."
Possessed nouns
Prefixes
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 1
|
no- "my" |
to- "our"
|
| 2
|
mo- "your (sg)" |
amo-/mo- "your (pl)"
|
| 2
|
ī-/mo- "his/her/its" |
īm-/mo- "their"
|
- tē- "somebody's"
- tla- "something's"
- ne-
Suffixes
|
SG |
PL
|
| After V
|
-uh |
-huān
|
| After C
|
-hui |
-huān
|
Absolutive nouns
Suffixes
- -tli/-lli/-tl/-in
- -tin/-meh/-h
Verb morphology
- Optative marker
- mā- "if, should it be that, let it be that"
- tlā-
- māca(mō)-
- tlāca(mō)-/tlē-
- Negative marker ah- or ahmo "not"
- Antecessive prefix ō- "already"
- Subject prefix
- ni- "I" and ti-/xi- "we"
- ti-/xi- "you (sg)" and am-/an- "you (pl)"
- Third-person subject is unmarked.
- Specific object prefix
- nēch- "me" and tēch- "us"
- mitz- "you (sg)" and amēch- "you (pl)"
- c-/qui- "him/her/it" and quim- "them"
- Directional prefixes huāl- "hither" and on- "thither"
- Reflexive prefixes
- no- "myself" and to- "ourselves"
- mo- "yourself/yourselves/itself/themselves"
- ne-
- Nonspecific object (dummy object)
- VERB STEM
- Tense and number suffixes
- Causative suffix
- Passive/Inactive suffix
- Valence suffix
For object suffixes, agreement is preferentially benefactive > indirect > direct. For example, if saying "I gave it to you for her," the single object suffix will agree with "her."
Verb classes
|
Class 1
"to cry" |
Class 2
"to live" |
Class 3
"to bathe" |
Class 4
"to eat"
|
| Base 1
|
chōca- |
yōli- |
āltia- |
cua-
|
| Base 2
|
chōca- |
yōl- |
āltih- |
cuah-
|
| Base 3
|
chōca- |
yōli- |
āltī- |
cuā-
|
| Time/Mood |
Base |
Suffix (SG) |
Suffix (PL)
|
| Present |
1 |
-∅ |
-h
|
| Customary present |
1 |
-:ni |
-:nih
|
| Imperfect (1) |
1 |
-ya |
-yah
|
| Imperfect (2.3.4) |
1 |
-:ya |
-:yah
|
| Perfect (1) |
2 |
-c |
-queh
|
| Perfect (2.3.4) |
2 |
-∅ |
-queh
|
| Pluperfect |
2 |
-ca |
-cah
|
| Admonitive (1) |
2 |
-h |
-htin
|
| Admonitive (2.3.4) |
2 |
-∅ |
-tin
|
| Future |
3 |
-z |
-zqueh
|
| Optative |
3 |
-∅ |
-cān
|
| Conditional |
3 |
-zquiya |
-zquiyah
|
- tichōcah "we cry"
- tiāltiāni "we habitually bathe"
- amquicuāyah "you were eating it"
- ōtiāltihqueh "we bathed"
- tiyōlca "you had lived"
- māca quicuahtin "lest they eat it"
- chōcazque "they will cry"
- mā yōlican "let them live"
- cāltīzqueh "they will bathe him"
- cāltīzquiyah "they would bathe him"
- ōcāltīzquiya "she would have bathed him"
Irregular verbs
|
cā/ye
"to be" |
huītza
"to go" |
yā/huih
"to come" |
huāllā/huālhuih
"to come"
|
| 1. Present singular |
cah |
huītz |
yauh |
huāllauh
|
| 1. Present plural |
cateh |
huītzeh |
huih |
huālhuih
|
| 1. Imperfect |
yeya(h) |
|
yāya(h) |
huālhuiya(h)
|
| 2. Perfect |
catca(h) |
huītza(h) |
yah(queh) |
huāllah(queh)
|
| 3. Future |
yez(queh) |
|
yāz(queh) |
huāllaz(queh)
|
Class assignment
- Closed list of exceptions
- Irregular verbs: cā/ye, huītza, yā/huih, huāllā/huālhuih
- Out-of-class verbs: pāca/pāc "to wash" (2, not 1); tōna/tōnac "to proper" (1, not 2); zōma/zōmah "to irritate" (4, not 2)
- Verbs ending in -hua and -ya
- -hua, intransitive (Class 1), e.g. ēhua → ēhuac "he departed"
- -hua, transitive (Class 2), e.g. ēhua → mēuh "he raised himself"
- -ya (Class 1 or 2 as preferred)
- Certain monosyllabic verbs
- #Ca# (Class 4)
- i# (Class 1, i → ī), e.g. i → quīc "he drank it"
- Verbs ending in -o, -tla, and -ca
- Co (Class 1, o → ō), e.g. pano → panōqueh "they passed", temo → temōc "he descended"
- -tla (Class 1), e.g. mōtla → quimōtlac "he threw stones at him"
- -ca (Class 1), e.g. chōca → chōcaqueh "they wept", tēca → motēcac "he lay down"
- Other verbs
- CCV (Class 1), e.g. itta → quittaqueh "they saw it", ahci → ahcic "he arrived"
- VCV (Class 2), e.g. quīza → niquīz "I sent out", miqui → mic "he died", tzacua → niquitzauc "I covered it", nēci → nēzqueh "they appeared", xima → ninoxin "I shaved myself", chiya → nitlachix "I looked", mati → quimah "he knew it"
- VV (Class 3), e.g. ihtoa → ihtoh "he spoke", quihtohqueh "they said it"
Passive endings
Causatives and applicatives
Auxiliary suffixes
- Ten verbs are commonly used as auxiliaries to give a nuanced meaning.
| Verb |
Present |
Past |
Future |
Function
|
cah
"be" |
-ticah |
-ticatca |
-tiez |
to be verbing
|
ēhua
"rise, depart" |
-tēhua |
-tēhuac |
-tēhuaz |
to depart, verbing
|
huetzi
"fall" |
-tihuetzi |
-tihuetz |
-tihuetziz |
to verb quickly
|
huītz
"come" |
-tihuītz |
-tihuītza |
|
to come verbing
|
ihcac
"stand" |
-tihcac |
-ticaca
-ticaya |
-ticaz |
to stand verbing
|
mani
"spread out" |
-timani |
-timan
-timanca |
-timaniz |
to be verbing
|
nemi
"live" |
-tinemi |
-tinen(ca) |
-tinemiz |
to go about verbing
|
(on)oc
"lie" |
-toc |
-toca |
-toz |
to lie verbing
|
quīza
"emerge, pass" |
-tiquīza |
-tiquīz |
-tiquīzaz |
to pass, verbing
|
yauh
"go" |
-tiuh
(-ti-yauh) |
-tia
(-ti-yah) |
-tiaz
(-ti-yaz) |
to be verbing
|
Intentional suffixes
- Used to mean "to come (introverse) or to go (extroverse) in order to verb," using present stem (Base 1).
|
Future |
Present |
Preterite |
Optative
|
| Introverse (SG) |
-quiuh |
-co |
-co |
-qui
|
| Introverse (PL) |
-quihuih |
-coh |
-coh |
-quih
|
| Extroverse (SG) |
-tīuh |
-tīuh |
-to |
-h, -ti
|
| Extroverse (PL) |
-tīhuih |
-tīhuih |
-toh |
-tih, -tin
|
Verbal Nouns
Abstract nouns
Formed with the suffix -(l)iztli:
- nemi "to live" → nemīztli "living"
- cochi "to sleep" → cochiliztli "sleeping"
- tlazohtla "to love" → tlazohtlaliztli "love"
- miqui "to die" → miquiliztli/miquiztli "death"
- tēmachtia "to instruct people" → tēmachtiliztli "instructing, education"
Agentive nouns
Usually formed from the absolutive in one of three ways:
- Add -ni to the verb stem, adding -meh if plural
- mati "to know" → tlamati "to know something" → tlamatini "scholar" → tlamatinimeh "scholars"
- Add -qui (singular) or -queh (plural) to the preterite, deleting the ō-
- chōca "to cry" → ōchōcac "cried" → chōcacqui "the one crying"
- miqui "to die" → ōmic "died" → micqueh "the dead"
- cua "to eat" → ōcuah "ate" → cuahqui "eater"
- Like (2) except the singular omits -qui
- poloa "to lay waste" → tēpoloa "to conquer people" → ōtēpoloh "conquered" → tēpoloh "conqueror" → tēpolohqueh "conquerors"
Affix list
- Existing pages (5/21/17): -can, -choh, -chotl, -co, -eh, -h, -huah, -huahqueh, -huan, -lah, -liztli, -loh, -lotl, -meh, -ni, -pa, -pahuic, -pan, -pil, -pipil, -pol, -queh, -qui, -tech, -techpa, -tin, -tlah, -ton, -tontli, -toton, -tzin, -xoh, -yoh, -yotl, -zo, -zotl, ah-, am-, amech-, an-, c-, chiuc-, mah-, mitz-, ni-, no-, nech-, qu-, quim-, quin-, te-, tech-, ti-, tla-, xochih-