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-pa in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
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Choctaw
Suffix
-pa
- (demonstrative) this, these
See also
Classical Nahuatl
Etymology 1
Related to the locative suffix -pan.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-pa
- times; forms adverbial numerals.
1571, Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, f. 120v:¶Para dezir vna vez, foz vezes, tres vezes . &c. dizen deſta manera. / ¶Vnavez. ceppa. / Dosvezes. oppa. / Tres vezes. yexpa. / […] / ¶Y aſsi de todos los otros numeros menores y / mayores, poniendo alcabo eſta ſyllaba,pa.- To say once, twice, thrice, etc. they say in the following manner: Once. ceppa. / Twice. oppa. / Thrice. yexpa. / / And so on for all the other numbers, lesser and greater, placing at the end this syllable: pa.
- ēyi (“three”) → ēxpa (“thrice”)
- mācuilli (“five”) → mācuilpa (“five times”)
- chicōme (“seven”) → chicōppa (“seven times”)
Usage notes
The consonantal sound of the syllable of the base numeral adjacent to -pa undergoes regressive assimilation (where a consonantal sound assimilates into the one that follows it) in some situations:
- -m becomes p:
- cē (“one”) —(combining form cen-, and cem- before p and vowels) → ceppa (“once”)
- ōme (“two”) —(combining form ōn-, and ōm- before p and vowels) → ōppa (“twice”)
- chicōme (“seven”) —(derived from ōme) → chicōppa (“seven times”)
- -uh becomes p:
- nāhui (“four”) —(combining form nāuh-) → nāppa (“four times”)
- chiucnāhui (“nine”) —(derived from nāhui) → chiucnāppa (“nine times”)
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Suffix
-pa
- directions; Signifies direction or movement relative to an object, both from and to depending on directional context or affixes on the verb.
- Mēxihco (“Mexico, Mexico City”) → Mēxihcopa (“to Mexico, from Mexico”)
- cān (“where”) → cāmpa (“where to”)
- -huīc (“facing”) → -pahuīc (“in the direction of”)
Usage notes
Unlike relational suffixes such as -tlan, -pan, or -tech, this suffix cannot attach to possessive prefixes to form relations. However, it can combine with these suffixes on both nouns and possessives, forming directional suffixes with specific directions.
Derived terms
Finnish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic) (see it for more).
Pronunciation
Particle
-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA) (enclitic particle)
- Expresses that the speaker is surprised at or astonished by something.
- please, kindly (appended to an imperative verb form in order to soften the command or request or turn it into a suggestion, or passive to form an urging hortative)
Tehdäänpä ne sitten.- Let's do them then.
Kokeilkaapa tätä mallia.- Give this model a try.
- (informal usage)
Sitä sanotaan että matematiikka on helppoa, vaan yrittäkääpä ymmärtää sitä itse!- They say that maths is easy, yet you try understand it yourself!
- Expresses admission or concession, possibly in a way that expresses defeat.
Eipä siinä paljoa ollut tehtävissä.- Well, it's not like there was much that could have been done.
Tuotapa en ollut tullut ajatelleeksi.- Well, I hadn't thought of that.
- if you like (used in giving a non-concrete instruction)
- Expresses that the speaker is proud of something, also to boast or brag about something.
Meidänpä koira osaa laulaa!- Well, our dog can sing!
- (informal) Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation.
Taidanpa lähteä kotiin.- I think I'll go home.
Taisitpa sitten lähteä kotiin.- So you chose to go home, huh.
- When appended to a second-person imperative with the particle -s, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone.
Laitapas lautaset pöytään.- Hey, go put the plates on the table.
Siistipäs huoneesi.- Hey, go straighten up your room.
- (with conditional) I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)
Olisinpa tarttunut tilaisuuteen.- I wish I had seized that opportunity.
Oispa kaljaa.- Wish I had some beer.
- Adds a general emphatic tone, the exact meaning of which depends on the tone of voice.
Olinpa ajattelematon.- How inconsiderate of me.
Sanonpahan vaan!- Just saying!
- (possibly childish) Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation.
- Synonym: -han
Teinpä(s)!- Yes I did! (as a response to someone saying the speaker did not do their homework, for example)
- whether (no matter whether or not), no matter (if, what)
Se sinun pitää tehdä, pidätpä siitä tai et.- You have to do it, whether you like it or not.
- With interrogatives and conditional verbs, used to form self-deprecating, often rhetorical questions.
Kukapa minun kanssa haluaisi muutenkaan olla.- I mean, who would want to be with me anyway.
Usage notes
- (when surprised or astonished; when proud or boasting): By changing the tone of voice, the sentences can be turned into ironic statements.
- As seen above, this particle is used in subjective impressions or opinions, or to soften commands, and thus it is used especially in spoken language. It can, depending on the context, have several meanings that, in English, can usually be expressed only by accentuating the words differently or by adding extra words.
- Note also that this particle is always appended to either the first or the second word of the clause.
- In everyday speech, this particle may be used even when there is no intention to give the message a nuance, in which case the particle does not affect the meaning.
- When added to words ending in -n, the pronunciation usually shifts to -m- (-np- > -mp- is a common sandhi phenomenon), such as kunpa being pronounced kumpa. In informal settings, the word may also be spelled with -mp- to reflect this, but that is considered nonstandard.
Synonyms
- (when surprised at something, stronger than -pa) -han
Derived terms
See also
Etymology 2
The original strong grade of the present active participle suffix -va.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA) (rare)
- Forms adjectives or nouns of a very limited amount of verbs.
- käydä (“to be suitable”) + -pa → käypä (“current, going; valid; popular; suitable, fitting”) (doublet of käyvä (“that which or who suits, goes”))
- syödä (“to eat”) + -pa → syöpä (“cancer”) (doublet of syövä (“that which or who eats”))
- juoda (“to drink”) + -pa → juopa (“streak”) (doublet of juova (“that which or who drinks”))
- suoda (“to give, allow, permit, grant”) + -pa → -suopa (“quality of having an intent or will towards others”, in pahansuopa (“malevolent”)) (doublet of suova (“that which or who allows or permits”))
Usage notes
- Historically, this suffix is the older form of the active present participle suffix -va/-vä after stressed syllables, though no longer used in that function in standard Finnish. Some words have preserved the original suffix due to having changed their meaning. Therefore, e.g. käypä is originally the active present participle of käydä, which was later replaced by käyvä.
Derived terms
Anagrams
Garo
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-pa
- male human
Derived terms
Ingrian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-pa. Cognates include Finnish -pa.
Pronunciation
Particle
-pa (front vowel variant -pä)
- Expresses surprise or disappointment.
- Expresses admission or concession.
1937, N. A. Iljin, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (kolmas osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 108:Vaik täs maailmaas, vaikkapa tunnin, vaik yhen tunnin olis elänt, kuin pittää,- If only in this world, if only for an hour, if only for one hour she'd live, as needed,
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 369
Mecayapan Nahuatl
Suffix
-pa
- Forms onomatopoeic verbs.
Derived terms
Pitjantjatjara
Pronunciation
Suffix
-pa
- Epenthetic suffix added when the word would otherwise end in a consonant
Usage notes
- This suffix is dropped whenever another suffix is appended to the word, e.g. ilytjanpa (“flesh”) → ilytjantjara (“having flesh”)
Derived terms
Quechua
- Not to be confused with -paq, -pas, or -spa
Suffix
-pa
- Genitive marker following consonants. See also: -p
- qampa sutiyki ("your name")
- Indicates a repetitive action. Once more. See also: -paya
- qillqay (“to write”) → qillqapay (“to rewrite”)
- waqtay (“to beat”) → waqtapay (“to beat into pieces”)