شام

See also: سام

Arabic

Etymology 1

Proper noun

شَام • (šām) m

Only used in الشَّام (aš-šām)

Etymology 2

Root
ش ي م (š y m)
6 terms

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʃaː.ma/

Verb

شَامَ • (šāma) I (non-past يَشِيمُ (yašīmu), verbal noun شَيْم (šaym))

to have sheathed, to have hidden, to have concealed
to watch, to observe
to expect, to conjecture

Conjugation

Conjugation of شَامَ (I, hollow, a ~ i, full passive (?), verbal noun شَيْم)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					شَيْم šaym
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					شَائِم šāʔim
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مَشِيم mašīm
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شِمْتُ šimtu	شِمْتَ šimta	شَامَ šāma	شِمْتُمَا šimtumā	شَامَا šāmā	شِمْنَا šimnā	شِمْتُمْ šimtum	شَامُوا šāmū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	شِمْتُ šimtu	شِمْتِ šimti	شَامَتْ šāmat	شِمْتُمَا šimtumā	شَامَتَا šāmatā	شِمْنَا šimnā	شِمْتُنَّ šimtunna	شِمْنَ šimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَشِيمُ ʔašīmu	تَشِيمُ tašīmu	يَشِيمُ yašīmu	تَشِيمَانِ tašīmāni	يَشِيمَانِ yašīmāni	نَشِيمُ našīmu	تَشِيمُونَ tašīmūna	يَشِيمُونَ yašīmūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَشِيمُ ʔašīmu	تَشِيمِينَ tašīmīna	تَشِيمُ tašīmu	تَشِيمَانِ tašīmāni	تَشِيمَانِ tašīmāni	نَشِيمُ našīmu	تَشِمْنَ tašimna	يَشِمْنَ yašimna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَشِيمَ ʔašīma	تَشِيمَ tašīma	يَشِيمَ yašīma	تَشِيمَا tašīmā	يَشِيمَا yašīmā	نَشِيمَ našīma	تَشِيمُوا tašīmū	يَشِيمُوا yašīmū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَشِيمَ ʔašīma	تَشِيمِي tašīmī	تَشِيمَ tašīma	تَشِيمَا tašīmā	تَشِيمَا tašīmā	نَشِيمَ našīma	تَشِمْنَ tašimna	يَشِمْنَ yašimna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَشِمْ ʔašim	تَشِمْ tašim	يَشِمْ yašim	تَشِيمَا tašīmā	يَشِيمَا yašīmā	نَشِمْ našim	تَشِيمُوا tašīmū	يَشِيمُوا yašīmū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أَشِمْ ʔašim	تَشِيمِي tašīmī	تَشِمْ tašim	تَشِيمَا tašīmā	تَشِيمَا tašīmā	نَشِمْ našim	تَشِمْنَ tašimna	يَشِمْنَ yašimna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		شِمْ šim		شِيمَا šīmā			شِيمُوا šīmū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		شِيمِي šīmī		شِيمَا šīmā			شِمْنَ šimna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شِمْتُ šimtu	شِمْتَ šimta	شِيمَ šīma	شِمْتُمَا šimtumā	شِيمَا šīmā	شِمْنَا šimnā	شِمْتُمْ šimtum	شِيمُوا šīmū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	شِمْتُ šimtu	شِمْتِ šimti	شِيمَتْ šīmat	شِمْتُمَا šimtumā	شِيمَتَا šīmatā	شِمْنَا šimnā	شِمْتُنَّ šimtunna	شِمْنَ šimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُشَامُ ʔušāmu	تُشَامُ tušāmu	يُشَامُ yušāmu	تُشَامَانِ tušāmāni	يُشَامَانِ yušāmāni	نُشَامُ nušāmu	تُشَامُونَ tušāmūna	يُشَامُونَ yušāmūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُشَامُ ʔušāmu	تُشَامِينَ tušāmīna	تُشَامُ tušāmu	تُشَامَانِ tušāmāni	تُشَامَانِ tušāmāni	نُشَامُ nušāmu	تُشَمْنَ tušamna	يُشَمْنَ yušamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُشَامَ ʔušāma	تُشَامَ tušāma	يُشَامَ yušāma	تُشَامَا tušāmā	يُشَامَا yušāmā	نُشَامَ nušāma	تُشَامُوا tušāmū	يُشَامُوا yušāmū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُشَامَ ʔušāma	تُشَامِي tušāmī	تُشَامَ tušāma	تُشَامَا tušāmā	تُشَامَا tušāmā	نُشَامَ nušāma	تُشَمْنَ tušamna	يُشَمْنَ yušamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُشَمْ ʔušam	تُشَمْ tušam	يُشَمْ yušam	تُشَامَا tušāmā	يُشَامَا yušāmā	نُشَمْ nušam	تُشَامُوا tušāmū	يُشَامُوا yušāmū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُشَمْ ʔušam	تُشَامِي tušāmī	تُشَمْ tušam	تُشَامَا tušāmā	تُشَامَا tušāmā	نُشَمْ nušam	تُشَمْنَ tušamna	يُشَمْنَ yušamna

Verb

شَامَّ • (šāmma) III (non-past يُشَامُّ (yušāmmu), verbal noun مُشَامَّة (mušāmma))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Conjugation

Conjugation of شَامَّ (III, geminate, no passive, verbal noun مُشَامَّة)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					مُشَامَّة mušāmma
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					مُشَامّ mušāmm
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شَامَمْتُ šāmamtu	شَامَمْتَ šāmamta	شَامَّ šāmma	شَامَمْتُمَا šāmamtumā	شَامَّا šāmmā	شَامَمْنَا šāmamnā	شَامَمْتُمْ šāmamtum	شَامُّوا šāmmū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	شَامَمْتُ šāmamtu	شَامَمْتِ šāmamti	شَامَّتْ šāmmat	شَامَمْتُمَا šāmamtumā	شَامَّتَا šāmmatā	شَامَمْنَا šāmamnā	شَامَمْتُنَّ šāmamtunna	شَامَمْنَ šāmamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُشَامُّ ʔušāmmu	تُشَامُّ tušāmmu	يُشَامُّ yušāmmu	تُشَامَّانِ tušāmmāni	يُشَامَّانِ yušāmmāni	نُشَامُّ nušāmmu	تُشَامُّونَ tušāmmūna	يُشَامُّونَ yušāmmūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُشَامُّ ʔušāmmu	تُشَامِّينَ tušāmmīna	تُشَامُّ tušāmmu	تُشَامَّانِ tušāmmāni	تُشَامَّانِ tušāmmāni	نُشَامُّ nušāmmu	تُشَامِمْنَ tušāmimna	يُشَامِمْنَ yušāmimna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُشَامَّ ʔušāmma	تُشَامَّ tušāmma	يُشَامَّ yušāmma	تُشَامَّا tušāmmā	يُشَامَّا yušāmmā	نُشَامَّ nušāmma	تُشَامُّوا tušāmmū	يُشَامُّوا yušāmmū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُشَامَّ ʔušāmma	تُشَامِّي tušāmmī	تُشَامَّ tušāmma	تُشَامَّا tušāmmā	تُشَامَّا tušāmmā	نُشَامَّ nušāmma	تُشَامِمْنَ tušāmimna	يُشَامِمْنَ yušāmimna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُشَامَّ, أُشَامِّ, أُشَامِمْ ʔušāmma, ʔušāmmi, ʔušāmim	تُشَامَّ, تُشَامِّ, تُشَامِمْ tušāmma, tušāmmi, tušāmim	يُشَامَّ, يُشَامِّ, يُشَامِمْ yušāmma, yušāmmi, yušāmim	تُشَامَّا tušāmmā	يُشَامَّا yušāmmā	نُشَامَّ, نُشَامِّ, نُشَامِمْ nušāmma, nušāmmi, nušāmim	تُشَامُّوا tušāmmū	يُشَامُّوا yušāmmū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُشَامَّ, أُشَامِّ, أُشَامِمْ ʔušāmma, ʔušāmmi, ʔušāmim	تُشَامِّي tušāmmī	تُشَامَّ, تُشَامِّ, تُشَامِمْ tušāmma, tušāmmi, tušāmim	تُشَامَّا tušāmmā	تُشَامَّا tušāmmā	نُشَامَّ, نُشَامِّ, نُشَامِمْ nušāmma, nušāmmi, nušāmim	تُشَامِمْنَ tušāmimna	يُشَامِمْنَ yušāmimna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		شَامَّ, شَامِّ, شَامِمْ šāmma, šāmmi, šāmim		شَامَّا šāmmā			شَامُّوا šāmmū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		شَامِّي šāmmī		شَامَّا šāmmā			شَامِمْنَ šāmimna

References

Freytag, Georg (1833) “شام”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 473
Lane, Edward William (1863) “شام”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1634
Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “شام”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 690

Burushaski

Etymology

Borrowed from Urdu شام (śām), from Classical Persian (šām).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Noun

شام (śaam)

evening

References

Bechtholdt, Astrid (2024) “shaam”, in Burushaski Hunza Dictionary (Webonary), Dallas, Texas, USA: SIL International, published 2017.

Gujarati

Noun

شام • (śām) f (Lisan ud-Dawat)

Arabic spelling of શામ (śām)

Noun

شام • (śām) m (Lisan ud-Dawat)

Arabic spelling of શામ (śām)

Proper noun

شام • (śām) m (Lisan ud-Dawat)

Arabic spelling of શામ (śām)

Khalaj

Noun

شام (şâm) (definite accusative شامؽ, plural شاملار)

Arabic spelling of şâm (“evening, supper”)

Declension

Declension of شام

	singular	plural
nominative	شام	شاملار
genitive	شامؽݧ	شاملارؽݧ
dative	شامقا	شاملارقا
definite accusative	شامؽ	شاملارؽ
locative	شامچا	شاملارچا
ablative	شامدا	شاملاردا
instrumental	شاملا	شاملارلا
equative	شاموارا	شاملاروارا

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām).

Proper noun

شام • (Şâm)

Damascus (the capital of Syria)
(historical) Syria (an eyalet in the Ottoman Empire)
(historical) Syria (a vilayet in the Ottoman Empire)

Synonyms

(capital of Syria): دمشق (Dimişk), شام شریف (Şam-i Şerif)

Descendants

→ Abkhaz: Шьам (Šam), Шьамтәыла (Šamtʷʼəla)
Turkish: Şam

Etymology 2

From Persian (šâm).

Noun

شام • (şâm)

Descendants

Turkish: şam

References

Mallouf, Nassif (1856) “Damas”, in Dictionnaire français-turc, 2nd edition, Paris: Maisonneuve, page 146
Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Şâm”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names]‎, 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 711

Persian

Persian Wikipedia has an article on:

شام

Wikipedia ^fa

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key):

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key):
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key):
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key):

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key):

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key):

Readings
Classical reading^?	šām
Dari reading^?	šām
Iranian reading^?	šâm
Tajik reading^?	šom

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *xšáfnyah.

Noun


Iranian Persian	شام
Dari	شام
Tajik	шом

شام • (šâm)

dinner, supper (evening meal)
(more literary) ― barâ-ye šâm či dârim? ― What do we have for dinner?

(more colloquial) ― šâm či dârim? ― What do we have for dinner?
(archaic) dusk
(archaic) evening
Synonym: عصر ('asr)

Related terms

شب (šab)

Descendants

→ Azerbaijani: şam
→ Gujarati: شام (shām)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: शाम (śām)

Urdu: شام (śām)
→ Khalaj: şâm
→ Ottoman Turkish: شام (şâm)
- Turkish: şam

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic شَام (šām).

Proper noun


Iranian Persian	شام
Dari	شام
Tajik	Шом

شام • (šâm)

Greater Syria, the Levant (a region of Western Asia)
- c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 89:
  سوی شامست این نشان و این خبر / در ره قدسش ببینی در گذر
  suy-e šâm-ast in nešân o in xabar / dar rah-e qods-aš be-bini dar gozar
  This sign and this information lies in the direction of Syria: you will see it as you pass on the way to Jerusalem.
Damascus (the capital city of Syria)
Synonym: دمشق (damešq)

Descendants

→ Urdu: شام (śām)

Punjabi

Pronunciation

(Standard Punjabi) IPA^(key): /ʃäːm/

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷséps

Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšápā

Proto-Iranian *xšápā

Proto-Iranian *-yah

Proto-Iranian *xšáfnyah

Classical Persian (šām)bor.

Punjabi شام (śām)

Borrowed from Classical Persian (šām).

Noun

شام • (śām) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਸ਼ਾਮ)

evening, night

Declension

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Declension of شام
dir. sg.	شام (śām)
dir. pl.	شاماں (śāmāṉ)
	singular	plural
direct	شام (śām)	شاماں (śāmāṉ)
oblique	شام (śām)	شاماں (śāmāṉ)
vocative	شامے (śāme)	شامو (śāmo)
ablative	شاموں (śāmoṉ)	شاماں (śāmāṉ)
locative	شامی (śāmī)	شامِیں (śāmīṉ)
instrumental	شامِیں (śāmīṉ)	شامے (śāme)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Classical Persian (šām, “Greater Syria; Levant”), from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām, “Levant; Damascus”).

Proper noun

شام • (śām) m

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)
(by extension) Greater Syria, the Levant (a region of Western Asia, in the Middle East)

Soqotri

Alternative forms

شهام (šhɛm)

Etymology

From Proto-Semitic *šim-. Akin to Mehri (hemm), Shehri (šum).

Noun

شام (šɛm) m (dual شامي (šɛ́mi), plural شاهم (šóhom))

name
- 2014, “A Merciful Woman and Diheko”, in Vitaly Naumkin, compiler, Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 1, page 144, line 5:
  ويهاه ملاك وميه شام دحاكو.
  wa-yhe maľák wa-məy šɛm diḥéko
  He was an angel, and his name was Diheko.

References

Naumkin, Vitaly, et al. (2014) “Glossary”, in Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 660
Naumkin, Vitaly, et al. (2018) “Glossary”, in Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 593
Leslau, Wolf (1938) “šem”, in Lexique Soqotri (sudarabique moderne) avec comparaisons et explications étymologiques (in French), Wiesbaden: Libraire C. Klincksieck, page 418

Urdu

Pronunciation

(Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /ʃɑːm/
Audio (Pakistan): (file)
Rhymes: -ɑːm

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian (šām).

Noun

شام • (śām) f (Hindi spelling शाम)

evening, night

Declension

Declension of شام
	singular	plural
direct	شام (śām)	شامیں (śāmẽ)
oblique	شام (śām)	شاموں (śāmõ)
vocative	شام (śām)	شامو (śāmo)

References

“شام”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
“شام”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary , Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.