यम
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यम बौना ग्रह
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit यम (yama).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
यम • (yam) m
- (Hinduism) Yama, god of death
- Synonym: यमराज (yamrāj)
- (astronomy) Pluto (dwarf planet, former planet)
Declension
Declension of यम (sg-only masc cons-stem)
| singular | |
|---|---|
| direct | यम yam |
| oblique | यम yam |
| vocative | यम yam |
See also
| Solar System in Hindi · सौरमंडल (saurmaṇḍal) (layout · text) | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Star | सूर्य (sūrya) | |||||||||||||||||
| IAU planets and notable dwarf planets |
बुध (budh) | शुक्र (śukra) | पृथ्वी (pŕthvī) | मंगल (maṅgal) | बृहस्पति (bŕhaspati) | शनि (śani) | अरुण (aruṇ) | वरुण (varuṇ) | यम (yam) | |||||||||
| Notable moons |
— | — | चंद्रमा (candramā) | — | ||||||||||||||
Marathi
Etymology
Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘧𑘦 (yama), from Sanskrit यम (yama).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
यम • (yam) m
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “यम”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “यम”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण (1932-1950) “यम”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे : महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).
Old Marathi
Proper noun
यम (yama) m
- Devanagari form of 𑘧𑘦 (yama)
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- যম (Assamese script)
- ᬬᬫ (Balinese script)
- যম (Bengali script)
- 𑰧𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀬𑀫 (Brahmi script)
- ယမ (Burmese script)
- યમ (Gujarati script)
- ਯਮ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌯𑌮 (Grantha script)
- ꦪꦩ (Javanese script)
- 𑂨𑂧 (Kaithi script)
- ಯಮ (Kannada script)
- យម (Khmer script)
- ຍມ (Lao script)
- യമ (Malayalam script)
- ᠶᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘧𑘦 (Modi script)
- ᠶ᠋ᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧇𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐫𑐩 (Newa script)
- ଯମ (Odia script)
- ꢫꢪ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆪𑆩 (Sharada script)
- 𑖧𑖦 (Siddham script)
- යම (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩻𑩴 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚣𑚢 (Takri script)
- யம (Tamil script)
- యమ (Telugu script)
- ยม (Thai script)
- ཡ་མ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒨𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨪𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *yámas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yámas, from Proto-Indo-European *yém-o-s, from *yem- (“to hold, restrain”). Cognate with Albanian gjem.
Pronunciation
Noun
यम • (yáma) stem, m (root यम्)
- rein
- driver, charioteer
- suppression, restraint; self-restraint (in Yoga)
- any great moral rule or duty
- observance, rule
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | यमः (yamaḥ) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाः (yamāḥ) यमासः¹ (yamāsaḥ¹) |
| vocative | यम (yama) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाः (yamāḥ) यमासः¹ (yamāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | यमम् (yamam) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमान् (yamān) |
| instrumental | यमेन (yamena) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमैः (yamaiḥ) यमेभिः¹ (yamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | यमाय (yamāya) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | यमात् (yamāt) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | यमस्य (yamasya) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमानाम् (yamānām) |
| locative | यमे (yame) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमेषु (yameṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Etymology 2
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *yamás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yamás, from Proto-Indo-European *yemHós (“connected, paired”), from *yemH- (“twin”). Cognate with Latin Remus.
Pronunciation
Adjective
यम • (yamá) stem
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | यमः (yamaḥ) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाः (yamāḥ) यमासः¹ (yamāsaḥ¹) |
| vocative | यम (yama) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाः (yamāḥ) यमासः¹ (yamāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | यमम् (yamam) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमान् (yamān) |
| instrumental | यमेन (yamena) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमैः (yamaiḥ) यमेभिः¹ (yamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | यमाय (yamāya) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | यमात् (yamāt) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | यमस्य (yamasya) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमानाम् (yamānām) |
| locative | यमे (yame) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमेषु (yameṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | यमा (yamā) | यमे (yame) | यमाः (yamāḥ) |
| vocative | यमे (yame) | यमे (yame) | यमाः (yamāḥ) |
| accusative | यमाम् (yamām) | यमे (yame) | यमाः (yamāḥ) |
| instrumental | यमया (yamayā) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमाभिः (yamābhiḥ) |
| dative | यमायै (yamāyai) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमाभ्यः (yamābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | यमायाः (yamāyāḥ) यमायै² (yamāyai²) |
यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमाभ्यः (yamābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | यमायाः (yamāyāḥ) यमायै² (yamāyai²) |
यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमानाम् (yamānām) |
| locative | यमायाम् (yamāyām) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमासु (yamāsu) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | यमी (yamī) | यम्यौ (yamyau) यमी¹ (yamī¹) |
यम्यः (yamyaḥ) यमीः¹ (yamīḥ¹) |
| vocative | यमि (yami) | यम्यौ (yamyau) यमी¹ (yamī¹) |
यम्यः (yamyaḥ) यमीः¹ (yamīḥ¹) |
| accusative | यमीम् (yamīm) | यम्यौ (yamyau) यमी¹ (yamī¹) |
यमीः (yamīḥ) |
| instrumental | यम्या (yamyā) | यमीभ्याम् (yamībhyām) | यमीभिः (yamībhiḥ) |
| dative | यम्यै (yamyai) | यमीभ्याम् (yamībhyām) | यमीभ्यः (yamībhyaḥ) |
| ablative | यम्याः (yamyāḥ) यम्यै² (yamyai²) |
यमीभ्याम् (yamībhyām) | यमीभ्यः (yamībhyaḥ) |
| genitive | यम्याः (yamyāḥ) यम्यै² (yamyai²) |
यम्योः (yamyoḥ) | यमीनाम् (yamīnām) |
| locative | यम्याम् (yamyām) | यम्योः (yamyoḥ) | यमीषु (yamīṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | यमम् (yamam) | यमे (yame) | यमानि (yamāni) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
| vocative | यम (yama) | यमे (yame) | यमानि (yamāni) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
| accusative | यमम् (yamam) | यमे (yame) | यमानि (yamāni) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
| instrumental | यमेन (yamena) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमैः (yamaiḥ) यमेभिः¹ (yamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | यमाय (yamāya) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | यमात् (yamāt) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | यमस्य (yamasya) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमानाम् (yamānām) |
| locative | यमे (yame) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमेषु (yameṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
यम • (yamá) stem, m
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | यमः (yamaḥ) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाः (yamāḥ) यमासः¹ (yamāsaḥ¹) |
| vocative | यम (yama) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाः (yamāḥ) यमासः¹ (yamāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | यमम् (yamam) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमान् (yamān) |
| instrumental | यमेन (yamena) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमैः (yamaiḥ) यमेभिः¹ (yamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | यमाय (yamāya) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | यमात् (yamāt) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | यमस्य (yamasya) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमानाम् (yamānām) |
| locative | यमे (yame) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमेषु (yameṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Khowar: جمےژ (ǰamiž)
- Helu Prakrit:
- Sinhalese: යමා (yamā)
- Magadhi Prakrit:
- Bihari:
- Bhojpuri: जेंवां (jēnvā̃)
- Bihari:
- Maharastri Prakrit:
- Marathi: जवा (javā)
- Pali: yama
Noun
यम • (yamá) stem, n
- (grammar) a twin-letter
- pitch of the voice
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | यमम् (yamam) | यमे (yame) | यमानि (yamāni) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
| vocative | यम (yama) | यमे (yame) | यमानि (yamāni) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
| accusative | यमम् (yamam) | यमे (yame) | यमानि (yamāni) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
| instrumental | यमेन (yamena) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमैः (yamaiḥ) यमेभिः¹ (yamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | यमाय (yamāya) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | यमात् (yamāt) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | यमस्य (yamasya) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमानाम् (yamānām) |
| locative | यमे (yame) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमेषु (yameṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Etymology 3
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Yamás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Yamás.
Pronunciation
Proper noun
यम • (yamá) stem, m
- Yama, the god of death, afterlife and justice, the twin brother of Yamuna and believed to have been the first mortal to die
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.14.1:
- प॒रे॒यि॒वांसं॑ प्र॒वतो॑ म॒हीरनु॑ ब॒हुभ्यः॒ पन्था॑मनुपस्पशा॒नम् ।
वै॒व॒स्व॒तं सं॒गम॑नं॒ जना॑नां य॒मं राजा॑नं ह॒विषा॑ दुवस्य ॥- pareyivā́ṃsaṃ praváto mahī́ránu bahúbhyaḥ pánthāmanupaspaśānám.
vaivasvatáṃ saṃgámanaṃ jánānāṃ yamáṃ rā́jānaṃ havíṣā duvasya. - Honour the King (of the Pitṛs) with your oblations, Yama, Vivasvan's Son, who gathers men together, who travelled to the lofty heights above us, who searches out and shows the path to many.
- pareyivā́ṃsaṃ praváto mahī́ránu bahúbhyaḥ pánthāmanupaspaśānám.
- प॒रे॒यि॒वांसं॑ प्र॒वतो॑ म॒हीरनु॑ ब॒हुभ्यः॒ पन्था॑मनुपस्पशा॒नम् ।
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | यमः (yamaḥ) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाः (yamāḥ) यमासः¹ (yamāsaḥ¹) |
| vocative | यम (yama) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमाः (yamāḥ) यमासः¹ (yamāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | यमम् (yamam) | यमौ (yamau) यमा¹ (yamā¹) |
यमान् (yamān) |
| instrumental | यमेन (yamena) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमैः (yamaiḥ) यमेभिः¹ (yamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | यमाय (yamāya) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | यमात् (yamāt) | यमाभ्याम् (yamābhyām) | यमेभ्यः (yamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | यमस्य (yamasya) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमानाम् (yamānām) |
| locative | यमे (yame) | यमयोः (yamayoḥ) | यमेषु (yameṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- → Balinese: ᬬᬫ (yama)
- → Bengali: যম (jom)
- → Manipuri: ꯌꯃ (yama)
- → Middle Chinese: 閻魔 (MC yem ma)
- → Japanese: 夜摩 (Yama)
- → Old Marathi: 𑘧𑘦 (yama)
- Marathi: यम (yam)
- Pali: yama
- Prakrit: 𑀚𑀫 (jama)
- → Tamil: யமன் (yamaṉ)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “यम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 846, column 1.
- Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “यम”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 399-401