形而下

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Chinese

to appear; to look; form
to appear; to look; form; shape
 
and; as well as; but (not)
and; as well as; but (not); yet (not); (shows causal relation); (shows change of state); (shows contrast)
 
under; next; lower
under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter
 
simp. and trad.
(形而下) 		形 而 下

Etymology

From I Ching (translated by Adler, 2020):

是故，形而上者謂之道，形而下者謂之器。
是故，形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器。
From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
Shìgù, xíng ér shàng zhě wèi zhī dào, xíng ér xià zhě wèi zhī qì.
Therefore what is above form is called the Way; what is within form is called implements.

Pronunciation

Noun

形而下

  1. (philosophy) physical or material things

Antonyms

References

  1. ^ Zhu Xi (2020) Joseph A. Adler, transl., The Original Meaning of the Yijing: Commentary on the Scripture of Change, New York: Columbia University Press, pages 284, 386

Japanese

Kanji in this term
形 而 下
けい
Grade: 2 		じ
Jinmeiyō 		か
Grade: 1
kan'on

Etymology

Coined by Japanese philosopher Inoue Tetsujirō in 1881 in his work 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Dictionary of Philosophy”) as a translation of English concrete, based on the phrase 形而下者、謂之器 in the Book of Changes (《易經》).

Pronunciation

Noun

形(けい)而(じ)下(か) • (keijika) 

  1. (philosophy) physical, material
    Antonym: 形而上 (keijijō)

References

  1. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ “形而下”, in 日本国語大辞典 ‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  4. ^ Inoue, Tetsujirō (1881) 哲学字彙 ‎, University of Tokyo, page 1
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  6. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
形而下

Noun

形而下 • (hyeong'iha) (hangeul 형이하)

  1. hanja form? of 형이하
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