駱越

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Chinese

camel
to exceed; to climb over; to surpass
to exceed; to climb over; to surpass; the more ... the more
 
trad. (駱越)
simp. (骆越)
alternative forms 雒越
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Etymology

(OC *rak) here results from the monosyllabification of the areal ethnonym *b.rak or *p.rak by loss of the first element in the iambic cluster; the same ethnonym is used by the Wa people, a Khmu subgroup and possibly the Bai, and may be the same as the first syllable in 百越 (OC *praːɡ ɢʷad, “Baiyue”), later construed as meaning “hundred” (Ferlus, 2009).

Ferlus (2011) links said phonograms to etymon *p.rak "taro > edible tuber" (Norquest (2020) reconstructs Proto-Kra-Dai *pəˀrˠáːk), which is reflected in Kra-Dai words like Baha (pɣaːk) or Thai เผือก (pʉ̀ʉak) (from Proto-Tai *pʰrɨak in Ferlus's reconstruction or *prɯəkᴰ in Pittayaporn's 2009 reconstruction); he proposes that the areal ethnonym *b.rak or *p.rak was used by rice growers to designate taro-growing horticulturists.

Pronunciation



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Initial () (37) (35)
Final () (103) (68)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division () I III
Fanqie
Baxter lak hjwot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/lɑk̚/ /ɦʉɐt̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/lɑk̚/ /ɦʷiɐt̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/lɑk̚/ /ɣiuɐt̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/lak̚/ /ɦuat̚/
Li
Rong
/lɑk̚/ /ɣiuɐt̚/
Wang
Li
/lɑk̚/ /ɣĭwɐt̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/lɑk̚/ /i̯wɐt̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
luò yuè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
lok6 jyut6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
luò yuè
Middle
Chinese
‹ lak › ‹ hjwot ›
Old
Chinese
/*ˁak/ /*ʷat/
English white horse with black mane pass over

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1 2/2
No. 3867 16333
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡ·raːɡ/ /*ɢʷad/

Proper noun

駱越

  1. (historical) Luoyue (an ancient conglomeration of Yue tribes)

See also