Appendix:Proto-Lower Sepik reconstructions

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Proto-Lower Sepik reconstructions:

Foley (2005)

A phonological reconstruction of proto-Lower Sepik has been proposed by Foley (2005).[1] Foley's (2005) lexical reconstructions are provided below.

gloss proto-Lower Sepik Yimas Karawi Chambri Angrm Murik Kopar
one *mb(w)ia- mpa- mba- mbwia- mbia- abe mbatep
two *ri-pa- -rpal ripay -ri -(lɨ)par kobo kombari
three *-ram -ramnaw -rianmaw -ram -elɨm keroŋgo keremɨŋ
person *nor nar-maŋ yarmasɨnar noranan nor nor
male *pon panmal panmari pondo puin
woman *ŋay ŋay asay kaye nuŋor ŋai nana
water *arɨm arɨm arɨm arɨm alɨm arɨm arɨm
fire *awr awt awi ayɨr aluŋ awr awr
sun tɨmal sɨmari sɨnmari mbwino akɨn akɨn
moon *m(w)il ? mɨla tuŋkwi mwɨl mɨle karewan karep
star awak suŋkwiɲcirim suŋgwi areɲjo moai kinaŋ
canoe *kay kay kay ke ke gain kain
house nam yam kurɨr nam iran indan
village *num num imuŋka num num nomot numot
breast *nɨŋgay nɨŋay ɲjay nɨŋke ŋge niŋgen niŋgin
tooth *sisiŋk ? tɨrɨŋ sɨsɨŋ sraŋk sisiŋ asarap asirap
blood *ya- yat yay yari ayakone yaran yuwaran
bone *sariŋamp tanɨm tanɨm anamp salɨŋ sariŋib̩ sarekimp
tongue *minɨŋ mɨɲɨŋ mumɨɲɨŋ tɨbulaniŋk mɨnɨŋ menɨŋ mimiŋ
eye *tambri tuŋkuruŋ sampɨs sɨsiŋk tambli nabrin nambrin
nose tɨkay ipun wambusu naŋɨm daur imbot
leg *namuŋk pamuŋ pamuŋ namaŋk namuŋ namɨŋ
hair wapwi wampi yawi mbwikmaley dwar ruar
ear *kwand- kwantumuŋ kwandukas kukunam kwandum karekep kundot
egg *awŋ awŋ yawŋ awŋk awŋ gaug awŋ
leaf *nɨmpramp nɨmprɨm yimprɨm nɨmpramp namblum nabirɨk nɨmbiraŋ
yesterday / tomorrow *ŋarɨŋ ŋarɨŋ arɨŋ namasɨnɨŋ nakɨmɨn ŋarɨŋ rari
oar *(mɨ)naŋ muraŋ mɨnaŋ naŋk inap inaŋ naŋ
betelnut *poruŋ patn payn muntɨkɨn parɨŋ porog puruŋ
lime *awi(r) awi as ayɨr awer air air
pig *numpran numpran impian numpran imbar nɨmbren nɨmbren
crocodile manpa manpo ayi walami oramen uri
snake *wakɨn wakɨn wakɨn wan paruŋ wakɨn ikun
mosquito *naŋgun naŋkun yaŋkun naŋgun wawarɨn nauk nangɨt
ground *andi anti anti nɨŋkrump andi agin andin
feces *mɨndi mɨlɨm mɨnti muɲjar mɨndi mɨndɨn mɨndɨ
hear *and- andɨ andu andɨ andɨ dɨn nda
hit *di tupul kurar dɨɨ ti di nɨŋ
eat *am(b) am(b) am(b) am(b) am(b) mɨn ma
go *wa wa kuria kal wa on wa
come *ya ya kurapia ya ya ya ya
sit *sa tay sa nda sa nda
big *kupa kɨpa kupa wupa kupa apo kapu
cold *sarV- tarɨk sarɨk saruk popant sarapakin

Comparisons with Tayap

The comparative vocabulary table below, adapted from Kulick and Terrill (2019: 11-12) and Foley (2005)[1], demonstrates the lexical aberrancy of Tayap as compared to the surrounding Lower Sepik languages.[2] Cultural vocabulary such as 'village', 'canoe', 'oar', and 'lime', as well as the words for 'water' and 'eat', are shared with Lower Sepik languages. The word 'moon' is also shared with Kopar. However, most basic vocabulary items have no cognates in surrounding languages.

gloss Tayap proto-Lower Sepik Kopar Yimas Karawi Chambri Angrm Murik
one nambar *mb(w)ia- mbatep mpa- mba- mbwia- mbia- abe
two sene *ri-pa- kombari -rpal ripay -ri -(lɨ)par kobo
three manaw *-ram keremɨŋ -ramnaw -rianmaw -ram -elɨm keroŋgo
person munje 'man' *nor nor nar-maŋ yarmasɨnar noranan nor
male mɨŋan *pon panmal panmari pondo puin
woman noŋor *ŋay nana ŋay asay kaye nuŋor ŋai
water awin *arɨm arɨm arɨm arɨm arɨm alɨm arɨm
fire otar *awr awr awt awi ayɨr aluŋ awr
sun arawer akɨn tɨmal sɨmari sɨnmari mbwino akɨn
moon karep *m(w)il ? karep mɨla tuŋkwi mwɨl mɨle karewan
star ŋgudum, ŋgoijam, popro kinaŋ awak suŋkwiɲcirim suŋgwi areɲjo moai
canoe kaikro, kaisar *kay kain kay kay ke ke gain
house njam indan nam yam kurɨr nam iran
village num *num numot num imuŋka num num nomot
breast min *nɨŋgay niŋgin nɨŋay ɲjay nɨŋke ŋge niŋgen
tooth rewi *sisiŋk ? asirap tɨrɨŋ sɨsɨŋ sraŋk sisiŋ asarap
blood and *ya- yuwaran yat yay yari ayakone yaran
bone nɨŋg *sariŋamp sarekimp tanɨm tanɨm anamp salɨŋ sariŋib̩
tongue malɨt *minɨŋ mimiŋ mɨɲɨŋ mumɨɲɨŋ tɨbulaniŋk mɨnɨŋ menɨŋ
eye ŋgino *tambri nambrin tuŋkuruŋ sampɨs sɨsiŋk tambli nabrin
nose raw imbot tɨkay ipun wambusu naŋɨm daur
leg akan, ndow, mburkow *namuŋk namɨŋ pamuŋ pamuŋ namaŋk namuŋ
hair kokɨrŋgrɨt ruar wapwi wampi yawi mbwikmaley dwar
ear neke *kwand- kundot kwantumuŋ kwandukas kukunam kwandum karekep
egg naŋa *awŋ awŋ awŋ yawŋ awŋk awŋ gaug
leaf mayar *nɨmpramp nɨmbiraŋ nɨmprɨm yimprɨm nɨmpramp namblum nabirɨk
yesterday / tomorrow ewar / epi *ŋarɨŋ rari ŋarɨŋ arɨŋ namasɨnɨŋ nakɨmɨn ŋarɨŋ
oar inaŋg *(mɨ)naŋ naŋ muraŋ mɨnaŋ naŋk inap inaŋ
betelnut minjike *poruŋ puruŋ patn payn muntɨkɨn parɨŋ porog
lime air *awi(r) air awi as ayɨr awer air
pig mbor *numpran nɨmbren numpran impian numpran imbar nɨmbren
crocodile orem uri manpa manpo ayi walami oramen
snake aram *wakɨn ikun wakɨn wakɨn wan paruŋ wakɨn
mosquito at *naŋgun nangɨt naŋkun yaŋkun naŋgun wawarɨn nauk
ground numat, sumbwa *andi andin anti anti nɨŋkrump andi agin
feces yɨwɨr *mɨndi mɨndɨ mɨlɨm mɨnti muɲjar mɨndi mɨndɨn
hear tar *and- nda andɨ andu andɨ andɨ dɨn
hit adu, o *di nɨŋ tupul kurar dɨɨ ti di
eat a *am(b) ma am(b) am(b) am(b) am(b) mɨn
go okɨ *wa wa wa kuria kal wa on
come aiki *ya ya ya kurapia ya ya ya
sit tutuku *sa nda tay sa nda sa
big mɨr, suman *kupa kapu kɨpa kupa wupa kupa apo
cold *sarV- sarapakin tarɨk sarɨk saruk popant

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. →ISBN. OCLC 67292782.
  2. ^ Kulick, Don; Terrill, Angela (2019). A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language. Pacific Linguistics 661. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. →ISBN.
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