Kusunda word lists:
The following word list of the Kusunda language is from Watters (2006: 139-152).
Kusunda | Part of speech | Gloss | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-ə | vt. | root of the verb 'talk, speak' | (see also ts-ə ə-d-n̩ and n-ə ə-n-i) | |||
-əg | vi. | root of the verb 'go' | (see also ts-əg-ən, n-əg-ən, d-əg-əi) | |||
əgi | adj. | live, living | ||||
əgi-da-d-n̩, əgi-da-d-i | vt. | to make live, to rescue | ||||
əiga | vt. | imperative form of 'fetch, bring' | (see also ts-iw-ən and -i) | |||
əigi-d-n̩, əigi-d-i; əigi-no (imp) | vi. | to live, to survive | ||||
əina (Nep.) | n. | mirror | ||||
əitsi | n. | dove, pigeon | ||||
əmbyaq | n. | mango | ||||
-əna | suff. | from | ||||
ənin, əini, ayin; əniyu (neg) | vi. | to be, become (Nep. bən-nu) | ||||
əŋgago | n. | armful | ||||
əolə-d-i; əolə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to sell | ||||
əraq / əraχ | n. | garlic | ||||
ərdzo ə-g-ən | vt. | to squeeze | ||||
ərtsa | n. | needle | ||||
əsa | interrog. | how | ||||
əsae | adv. | always | ||||
əsaɢʕi, əsaːʕi | interrog. | from when, when | ||||
əsi | interrog. | how much, how many | ||||
əubaŋ | n. | nostril | ||||
əubaŋ ə-go | vt. | to pierce, make hole | ||||
abəq / əboχ | n. | greens, vegetable | ||||
abi a-t-n̩, abi a-d-i; abi ə-go (imp) | vt. | to carry | ||||
ãdze | pp. | up, above | ||||
agəi | n. | dog | ||||
agəi getse | n. | dog pup | ||||
ai ədi | adv. | this manner | ||||
ai-t-n̩, ai-d-i, ai-dzi; ai-to (imp), ai-yin (proh) | vt. | to beg | ||||
aidzi | n. | alms | ||||
aidzi | n. | other | ||||
aidzi / əidzi | n. | goat | ||||
akpəi / akʰpe | pp. | across | ||||
alu (Nep.) | n. | potato | ||||
amaːʕa, amaqa | pp. | below | ||||
amba / əmba | n. | flesh, meat | ||||
amba padə-g-ən | vt. | to hunt (lit. to hunt meat) | ||||
ambu / ambo | n. | breast, udder, milk | ||||
ambu tsilip ə-g-ən | vt. | to milk (lit. to squeeze udder) | ||||
amdzi | n. | carrying net | ||||
an | n. | urine | ||||
anə-d-i; anə-g-ən (3rd); anə-go (imp), ənə-yin (proh) | vi. | to urinate | ||||
aŋga ə-go (imp) | vt. | to embrace | ||||
aŋgi | n. | shirt (Nep. bhoʈo) | ||||
ao | n. | dirt, ground | ||||
aõ / waha | pp. | inside | ||||
ao bʰaŋ | n. | hole in ground | ||||
ao-da-d-i; ao-da ə-go (imp), ao-da ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to burn food | ||||
ao-dzi | vi. | to burn (of food) | ||||
aõla (Nep.) | n. | finger | ||||
aoqa | pp. | on top of | ||||
aosi / aose / əusi | n. | fingernail | ||||
aota / awata | n. | door | ||||
ape | loc. | there | ||||
aqa / akʰa | pp. | down, under, beneath | ||||
asne | pp. | uphill | ||||
at | n. | headstrap, noose, snare | ||||
ata gi | n. | mustache, beard | ||||
ata gidaŋ / atta gitaŋ | n. | saliva (lit. mouth water) | ||||
ata, atta | n. | mouth | ||||
ataŋ | n. | footprint, track | ||||
a-t-n̩, a-d-i; ə-go (imp), ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to make | ||||
at-to | vt. | imperative form of 'say' | (see also ts-oɴʕ-on) | |||
awi / awəi | n. | hand, wrist, arm | ||||
awən / əhun, ahun | n. | feather | ||||
bə | adv. | also | ||||
bəkək ə-go | vt. | to fold | ||||
bələ-d-i; bələ-go (imp), bələ-yin (proh) | vt. | to remove from fire | ||||
bəm | n. | sky, cloud | ||||
bəmlu / bamlo | n. | frog | ||||
bəsə (Nep.) | n. | year | ||||
bət | vi. | to be (predicational) | ||||
bətsʰəi | adj. | wide | ||||
bãdza | pp. | outside | ||||
bai | n. | elder sister | ||||
bãkʰa, bãkʰə | n. | type of bird (Nep. lãcʰe) | ||||
bal-n̩, bəl-tsi-n; bəl-to (imp) | vi. | to descend, climb down | ||||
bãqa | n. | sickle (khurpa) | ||||
begəi | n. | ginger | ||||
begəi | n. | Kusunda | ||||
begən | n. | chilli, pepper | ||||
begən | adj. | spicy, hot | ||||
beho | vt. | to winnow | ||||
bem-n̩, bem-tsi-n, bem-to | vi. | to fall, trip | ||||
bemə-g-ən | vt. | to fall | ||||
ben | adj. | raw, uncooked | ||||
bewə-d-n̩, bewə-d-i | vt. | to bear child | ||||
bewə-tsi-n | vi. | to be born | ||||
bi it-n̩ | vi. | to dawn | ||||
bibi-dzi, bibi-to | vi. | to walk | ||||
binəi | n. | younger sister | ||||
biyãχ | n. | tobacco leaf | ||||
budi aõla (Nep.) | n. | thumb | ||||
budun | n. | father-in-law | ||||
bukʰra | n. | type of bird | ||||
bul-dzi (3rd) | vi. | to emerge | ||||
bultsum | n. | flea | ||||
bunə ə-g-ən (3rd) | vt. | to weave (lit. 'do loom') | ||||
burmə-d-i; burmə-go (imp) | vt. | to uproot | ||||
bwãk, bwãkʰ, bwãχ | n. | goiter | ||||
bya | adj. | spicy, hot | ||||
byagorok | n. | radish | ||||
byaq-a-t-n̩, byaq-a-d-i; byaqa ə-go (imp) | vt. | to overturn, spill | ||||
byaq-n̩ | vi. | to overturn, spill | ||||
byoŋ-dzi, byoŋ-tsi-n; byoŋ-ni-n (2nd); byoŋ-to (imp) | vi. | to squat | ||||
bʰəĩra (Nep.) | n. | sparrow | ||||
bʰəpsar | n. | fox | ||||
bʰəra ə-go (imp) | vt. | to snatch | ||||
bʰəra-d-n̩, bʰəra-d-i | vt. | to break rope, pull in two | ||||
bʰəra-q-n̩ | vi. | to break (of rope) | ||||
bʰəya | n. | younger brother | ||||
bʰab ə-go (imp) | vt. | to mend, patch | ||||
bʰiŋga ə-g-ən | vt. | to carry wound in a coil | ||||
bʰorlo-q-n̩ | vi. | to boil | ||||
bʰorlə-d-n̩, bʰorlə-d-i; bʰorlə ə-go (imp), bʰorlə ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to boil water | ||||
bʰyon-to | vi. | to stop, halt | ||||
dəbaq, dəbakʰ, dəbaχ, dəwak | adv. | now | ||||
d-əg-əi | vi. | third person form of 'go' | (see also ts-əg-ən and da) | |||
dəi ə-g-ən (3rd) | vt. | to shoot a bow | ||||
dərpu ə-go (imp) | vt. | to hit, strike | ||||
dəsə-d-i, dəsə-go | vt. | to quit doing, release | ||||
dəũre, kaiu | n. | sari | ||||
dəŋga | n. | walking stick, whip | ||||
da | num. | three | ||||
da | vi. | imperative form of 'go' | ||||
-da | aff. | object marker, causative suffix, plural suffix, purposive marker | ||||
dãba-d-n̩, dãba-d-i; dãbə ə-g-ən (3rd) | vt. | to meet, find, get | ||||
dãbəi / daŋbəi | n. | shaman | ||||
daha-d-n̩, daha-d-i | vt. | to seat someone, set load down | ||||
dahat | num. | three | ||||
daŋbwa | adj. | dark | ||||
deidzi | n. | firewood | ||||
deosi, dəbəsi | adv. | later today | ||||
dibaŋ | n. | mountain, cliff | ||||
dibʰaŋ | n. | crowd | ||||
dimi | n. | smoke | ||||
dimtu / dəmtəu | adj. | sour | ||||
dõdziləq | n. | Badi (beggar caste) | ||||
doko (Nep.) | n. | basket | ||||
doma | n. | a kind of tree | ||||
dowa-d-i, dowa-go | vt. | to stop | ||||
dõwədzi / duŋdzi | n. | drum (Nep. madal) | ||||
dõwədzi ə-g-ən | vt. | to beat drum (lit. to do drum) | ||||
duga, dugə | n. | ground, floor | ||||
dugə abəq | n. | ground mushroom | ||||
dui | n. | husband | ||||
duidze, dui getse | n. | human male, man | ||||
dukʰu | num. | two | ||||
duktsi / duktse | n. | son, brother’s son | ||||
dum | n. | soil, sand, earth | ||||
dusə ə-d-i; dusə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to push | ||||
dʰəbə-d-n̩, dʰəbə-d-i; dʰabə (imp), dʰəb-in (proh) | vt. | to cover; to shut, close | ||||
dʰap ə-g-ən | vt. | to trap | ||||
dʰapa gipan | n. | rhododendron | ||||
dʰaː a-t-n̩, dʰaː ə-d-i; dʰaː ə-go (imp) | vt. | to put on fire | ||||
dʰundi | n. | fog | ||||
dʰya | n. | old man | ||||
dʰũ-tsi-n; dʰuŋ-to (imp) | vi. | to stand | ||||
dʰũ-wa-d-n̩, dʰũ-wa-d-i | vt. | to make stand | ||||
dzəgəl | n. | old woman | ||||
dzəi migo | n. | charcoal, coal | ||||
dzəpak | n. | a kind of yam | ||||
dzəu | n. | pain, sickness | ||||
dzəu-dzi, dzəu-tsi-n; dzəu ə-g-ən (3rd) | vi. | to hurt, feel pain, be sick | ||||
dzəŋgəl (Nep.) | n. | weeds | ||||
dzəŋtəl / dzaŋtal | n. | Gaini, traditional singer | ||||
dzəŋən / dzaŋ | adj. | new | ||||
dza | n. | fire | ||||
dza hõː-d-i | vt. | to burn fire | ||||
dzapin ə-g-ən, dzapin ə-g-i (3rd); dzapin ə-go (imp) | vt. | to leave, abandon | ||||
dzandza | n. | wild man | ||||
dzaː-d-n̩, dzaː-d-i; dza ə-go (imp) | vt. | to buy | ||||
dzei / dzəi | n. | ashes | ||||
dzidzyon | vi. | to bloom, blossom | ||||
dziŋ | n. | oil | ||||
dziŋa | num. | two | ||||
dziu a-t-n̩ | vt. | to leak | ||||
dzogoroq, dzogoroχ | n. | splinter | ||||
dzoɢʕ-a-d-n̩, dzoɢʕ-a-d-i | vt. | to soak, make wet | ||||
dzoŋdzo ə-g-ən | vi. | to bear fruit, flourish | ||||
dzõɴʕ-a-d-n̩, dzõɴʕ-a-d-i; dzõɴʕ-ə-g-ən (3rd); dzõɴʕ-ə-go (imp) | vt. | to hang | ||||
dzoq-n̩; dzoq-to (imp) | vi. | to get wet | ||||
dzõwə-d-n̩, dzõwə-d-i | vt. | to blow on fire | ||||
dzugui / dzugəi | n. | sickness, illness | ||||
dzulo | n. | tinder | ||||
dzuŋ-dzi (3rd) | vi. | to hang | ||||
dzwã ə-go | vt. | to weigh | ||||
dzyahãde | n. | maternity | ||||
dzʰəm ə-g-ən (3rd); dzʰəm-to (imp), dzʰəm-in (proh) | vi. | to weep, cry | ||||
dzʰõ | n. | louse egg | ||||
e-d-n̩, e-d-i; e-go (imp), e-yin (proh) | vt. | to give | ||||
eirak | adj. | poor | ||||
emblaq, eblaq / emblak | n. | witch | ||||
eyəŋ | n. | upper back | ||||
gəi (Nep.) | n. | wound | ||||
gəini | adj. | thick | ||||
gəkʰya ə-go | vt. | to force | ||||
gəki | n. | kidney | ||||
gəndzi | n. | smell, odor, aroma | ||||
gəndzibur | n. | stench, bad smell | ||||
gəndzi ə-go (imp) | vt. | to smell something | ||||
gəndzi u-g-i (3rd) | vi. | to smell, give off odor (lit. 'smell comes') | ||||
gərəm-d-i, gərəm-dzi | vt. | to knock down | ||||
gəsa | n. | tobacco | ||||
gəũtsi | n. | a kind of tree | ||||
gaŋno (imp) | vt. | to encircle, fence in | ||||
gãɴʕən yeŋgu | n. | whetstone | ||||
gãɴʕ-no (imp) | vt. | imperative form of 'see', look' | (see also ts-aɴʕ-dzi) | |||
garo | n. | wall | ||||
gebʰusa | n. | breast, milk | ||||
gebon | n. | grandchildren | ||||
gebusa | n. | curd | ||||
gemət dzəu | n. | diarrhea | ||||
gemət, tsi-mət, ni-gimət | n. | belly, stomach, intestine | ||||
gesala | n. | wife’s younger brother | ||||
gesali | n. | wife’s sister, sister-in-law | ||||
getse | n. | offspring, child | ||||
getse, hũkui | n. | baby, child | ||||
getsebəi | n. | daughter-in-law | ||||
gi | n. | hair, fur | ||||
giban | n. | bond friend | ||||
gida: (Nep.) | n. | seed | ||||
gidaŋ | n. | sap | ||||
gidzaq | loc. | between | ||||
gidzaŋ | n. | body | ||||
gidzi | n. | name | ||||
gidət, gitət | n. | skin, bark, leather | ||||
gilaŋ / gelaŋ | n. | forest | ||||
gilaŋ abəq | n. | forest mushroom | ||||
gilaŋ tap | n. | Kalij pheasant | ||||
gimdʰər | n. | father’s brother, uncle | ||||
gimdzamba / gimtsamba | n. | police | ||||
gimdzi | pron. | self, his own | ||||
gimi | n. | female of a species | ||||
gimi | n. | money (< gimi haq ‘female leaf’) | ||||
gimi e-d-i | vt. | to pay (lit. 'to give money') | ||||
gimi ə-go (imp) | vt. | to earn | ||||
gimtsi | n. | friend | ||||
gimihaq-ni / gimyaχni | n. | female Ban Raja | ||||
gin a-di | adv. | that manner | ||||
gina | dem. | that | ||||
gina | pron. | he, she, it | ||||
gina-yi | pron. | his | ||||
giɲaq / giŋyak, gʰiŋgʰyak | n. | trousers | ||||
gipan | n. | flower | ||||
gepən (
|
n. | word, language | ||||
gisi | n. | fat | ||||
gisəkəla | n. | oats | ||||
gitaŋ | n. | sweets | ||||
gitsi | n. | thorn | ||||
gobba / gʰoχbaχ, gʰokʰba | adj. | tall, high | ||||
gobloq | n. | heart, lung | ||||
godoq / gorok, gorokʰ, goroχ | n. | root | ||||
godzaŋ | adv. | few | ||||
g-oɢʕ-on | vt. | third person form of 'put, set aside' | (see also ts-oɢʕ-on) | |||
goloq / goləχ | n. | sheep | ||||
goləŋdəi | n. | soya bean | ||||
goradze | adv. | morning, early today | ||||
goraq / gorəχ | adv. | tomorrow | ||||
gotoŋ, gotəŋ | n. | soup | ||||
gu.u, guhu | n. | bone | ||||
guben | n. | log | ||||
gudzaŋ | adv. | little bit | ||||
gudzãŋ | vt. | to reduce | ||||
g-ug-un (3rd), g-oɢʕ-an (irr) | vt. | to take | ||||
guhu masi | n. | bone marrow | ||||
guidzi / goidzi | n. | turtle, tortoise | ||||
gulundi | n. | allowance | ||||
guluŋ | adj. | round | ||||
gumə-d-n̩, gumə-d-i; gumə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to chase | ||||
guneŋgi / gunaŋge | n. | langur monkey | ||||
gwa | n. | egg | ||||
gwa ə-g-ən | vt. | to lay egg (lit. 'do egg') | ||||
gwame | n. | centipede | ||||
gwi ə-d-n̩, gwi ə-d-i; gwi ə-go (imp) | vt. | to gather, keep, save | ||||
gwi-t-n̩, gwi-tsi-t-n̩ | vi. | to gather | ||||
gya | n. | male of a species | ||||
gya numba | n. | ox | ||||
gya-d-n̩, gya-d-i; gya ə-go (imp), gya ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to press, hold | ||||
gya-ɢʕa, gya-ɢʕai, gyaːi / gyakʰa | n. | strength | ||||
gya-qai, ata qaːi | n. | breath | ||||
gyaɢʕo, gyaːwo | n. | pus | ||||
gyakʰər ə-g-ən | vi. | to rest | ||||
gyao | n. | brain | ||||
gyaq-n̩; gyaq-to (imp) | vi. | to collapse | ||||
gyaq-a-d-n̩, gyaq-a-d-i; gyaq ə-go (imp), gyaq ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to make collapse | ||||
gyaudzi | n. | mother-in-law | ||||
gʰəi | n. | boil | ||||
gʰərun taŋ | n. | raksi | ||||
gʰərun, gʰərəo | adj. | hot | ||||
gʰərə-d-n̩, gʰərə-d-i; gʰərə-go (imp) | vt. | to make hot, heat | ||||
gʰəsa | n. | tobacco | ||||
gʰa-o (imp) | vt. | to thrash, beat | ||||
gʰãː-d-n̩, gʰãː-d-i; gʰãː ə-go (imp), gʰã-yin (proh) | vt. | to grind | ||||
gʰak əgo | vt. | to pierce | ||||
gʰan yeŋgu | n. | grindstone | ||||
gʰãs (Nep.) | n. | grass | ||||
gʰu a-t-n̩, gʰo ə-go | vt. | to move | ||||
gʰu-t-n̩ | vi. | to move | ||||
gʰue ə-go (imp) | vt. | to plough | ||||
gʰurma ə-go | vt. | to sting | ||||
gʰyaŋ | n. | female genitals | ||||
gʰyã-d-n̩ | vt. | to copulate | ||||
həbə-o (imp) | vt. | to hold in hand | ||||
həgədzun | n. | hummingbird | ||||
həilaŋ ə-go | vt. | to shake | ||||
həmətsi / həmitsi, həmdzi | n. | bat | ||||
hər-a-d-n̩, hər-a-d-i; haraŋ ə-go (imp) | vt. | to open, cause to open | ||||
hərdze a-t-n̩ | vt. | to win | ||||
hərgun | adj. | green | ||||
hərə-q-n̩ | vi. | to open on its own | ||||
hãː | n. | cheek | ||||
hãː / haŋ | n. | face | ||||
hãː / tsi-haŋ | n. | forehead | ||||
habə-d-n̩, habə-d-i; habə-go (imp) | vt. | to burn, roast | ||||
haɢʕo, haʕwo | n. | rhesus monkey | ||||
hai-t-n̩; hai-dzi (3rd) | vi. | to yawn | ||||
hampe | interrog. | where | ||||
hampe kʰaːu | pron. | nowhere | ||||
hanti | n. | cummerbund | ||||
haŋki | n. | neck | ||||
haŋki gun | n. | Adam's apple | ||||
haŋki ə-g-ən | vi. | to snore | ||||
haŋnuŋ | n. | shadow | ||||
haɴʕ-no | vi. | imperative form of 'sit' | (see also s-aɴʕ-an and ɲ-aɴʕ-an) | |||
haq / haχ | n. | leaf, book | ||||
haq a-d-n̩ | vt. | to read | ||||
haq gimi | n. | paper, paper note (lit. female leaf) | ||||
het ə-go (imp) | vi. | to call out | ||||
hi / he | n. | pig, wild boar | ||||
hi gimi | n. | sow pig | ||||
hilaŋ | n. | a kind of tree | ||||
hoigən, huigin | adj. | dirty, filthy, rubbish, litter | ||||
hugyaŋ | n. | spade, shovel | ||||
huki / hukki | n. | salt | ||||
huki am | adj. | salty | ||||
hũku hũku | adv. | little bit | ||||
hũkui / huŋkəi | adj. | small | ||||
hũkun kolde | n. | knife | ||||
hũkun əota | n. | window | ||||
hulə-d-n̩, hulə-d-i; hulə-go (imp) | vt. | to cook | ||||
hulən | n. | cook | ||||
humba ə-g-ən | vt. | to chase | ||||
hunko | adv. | almost | ||||
hurə-d-i / hurra ə-g-ən (3rd) | vt. | to throw, throw away | ||||
huː-dzi; huː-do (imp), huː-in (proh) | vi. | to fly | ||||
hũtu | adv. | far | ||||
huŋkəi bai | n. | the youngest elder sister | ||||
hyo-da-d-n̩, hyo-da-d-i | vt. | to swell | ||||
hyo-wən, hyo-dzi | adj. | swollen | ||||
hyoɢʕ-a-d-n̩, hyoɢʕ-a-d-i | vt. | to hide | ||||
hyoq-a | vt. | to be unable to | ||||
hyoq-n̩, hyoq-tsi-n | vi. | to hide, be able | ||||
hyu-dzi | adj. | fat | ||||
-i | vt. | root form of the verb 'fetch, bring' | (see also ts-iw-ən and əiga) | |||
idaŋ | n. | hunger | ||||
tən-da idaŋ | 'I am hungry' (lit. hunger is to me) | |||||
idu / idəu | n. | liver | ||||
-ig- | vt. | root form of the verb 'put in' | (see also ts-ig-ən) | |||
ihəŋ / ehəŋ | n. | Newar | ||||
ima | n. | field, farmland | ||||
imala | n. | father’s second younger brother | ||||
imba-d-n̩, imba-d-i; imbə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to think, remember | ||||
imbə-d-n̩, imbə-d-i; imbə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to exchange, return | ||||
in-da-d-n̩, in-da-d-i; in-da ə-go (imp), in-da-yin (proh) | vt. | to feed, nurse | ||||
ĩnorət / inoərət | n. | Tharu | ||||
inu / inəu | n. | nose | ||||
inəŋ getse | n. | eyeball | ||||
inəŋ gi | n. | eyelash | ||||
iŋ | n. | sun | ||||
iŋ / inəŋ | n. | eye | ||||
iŋ gidaŋ | n. | tears | ||||
iŋ ipdzi | vi. | to doze | ||||
iŋ iŋ-dzi | adj. | sleepy | ||||
iŋ miː-dzi | vi. | to set (of sun) | ||||
iŋao / iŋau | n. | night | ||||
iŋdzũ, idziŋ / idzəŋ | n. | tongue | ||||
iŋgidat / iŋgidət | n. | Sarki, shoemaker caste (lit. foot leather) | ||||
-ip- | vi. | root form of the verb 'sleep' | (see also ts-ip-n̩ and n-ip-n̩) | |||
ipən | n. | corn, maize | ||||
ip-da-d-n̩, ip-da-d-i; ip-da ə-go (imp) | vt. | to put to sleep | ||||
ipi | n. | head | ||||
ipi gidzaŋ | n. | horn | ||||
ipi guhu | n. | skull | ||||
ippa kadzi | n. | wheat flour | ||||
ip-to | vi. | imperative form of 'sleep' | ||||
iraŋ ə-go | vi. | to stretch | ||||
ĩsala | n. | father’s third brother | ||||
isi, iskin | adv. | evening | ||||
isna | pp. | to there | ||||
-it- | vi. | root form of the verb 'say' | (see also ts-it-n̩ and n-it-n̩) | |||
istə | adv. | near | ||||
iyu | n. | ear | ||||
iyu əndoq | adj. | deaf | ||||
kəba | n. | lie, falsehood | ||||
kəba aːdzi / kaba-dze ə-g-ən | vt. | to lie (lit. to say a lie / to do a lie) | ||||
kəbdzaŋ / kəpdzaŋ | n. | gold | ||||
kəbule | vt. | to offer | ||||
kəita, qaida | n. | other | ||||
kəla-d-n̩, kəla-d-i; kəla-g-ən (3rd); kəla ə-go (imp), kəla ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to break, smash (as a jug); to cut, split wood | ||||
kəla-d-n̩, kəla-d-i | vt. | to separate | ||||
kəla-q-n̩ | vi. | to break, smash | ||||
kəla-q-tsi-n; kəla-q-dzi (3rd) | vi. | to separate | ||||
kəlã ə-g-ən | vt. | to distribute, divide | ||||
kələŋgu | n. | Jugi | ||||
kəmba-d-n̩, kumba-d-i; kəmba ə-go (imp) | vt. | to dump | ||||
kəmboi | n. | hornet | ||||
kəpaŋ | n. | tumeric, besar | ||||
kəpaŋ bəyo | n. | yellow | ||||
kəpʰera | adv. | again | ||||
kəre / kəri | n. | pot, vase, water container | ||||
kəreː | n. | jug | ||||
kərəŋ (Nep.) | n. | rib | ||||
kəu ə-g-ən | vt. | to promise god | ||||
kaitʰo ə-go | vt. | to pile up | ||||
kaitʰwa əgo (imp) | vt. | to join | ||||
kamkəm | n. | leprosy | ||||
kampa kampe | adv. | everywhere | ||||
kampya, kampe | pp. | to one side | ||||
kan | adj. | sharp | ||||
kanə ə-go | vt. | to sharpen | ||||
kapu | n. | a kind of fruit tree (Nep. kapʰəl; Myrica esculenta) | ||||
kasa | n. | a kind of tree (Nep. sajʰə) | ||||
kasi, kasige / kasigi | adj. | white, light color | ||||
katse | n. | crab | ||||
katse gumbo | n. | scorpion | ||||
katəŋ | n. | itch | ||||
kawa ə-go (imp) | vt. | to hold under arm | ||||
kãwər | adj. | light weight | ||||
kawət | n. | bangle | ||||
kayak | n. | a kind of tree (Nep. bʰəlayo; Rhus succedaneum) | ||||
ki | n. | louse | ||||
kila-d-n̩, kila-d-i; kila ə-g-ən (3rd); kila ə-go (imp), kila ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to steal | ||||
kiladi | n. | thief | ||||
kiptsak | n. | Sesi Kham | ||||
kirna (Nep.) | n. | tick | ||||
kisa-d-n̩ | vt. | to cut meat, clear brush | ||||
kiwə a-d-n̩; kiwə ə-go (imp), kiwə-n (proh) | vt. | to pinch | ||||
kog | n. | crow | ||||
koidzu | n. | red deer | ||||
kok ə-go | vt. | to raise, rear | ||||
kola ə-g-ən (3rd) | vt. | to stir | ||||
kola-d-n̩, kola-d-i; kola ə-go (imp) | vt. | to draw water | ||||
kolde | n. | khukri, knife | ||||
kolom, qolom | adj. | bad | ||||
kolumu / kolomu | n. | owl | ||||
komba komba ə-g-ən (3rd) | vt. | to tease | ||||
kon-da-d-n̩, kon-da-d-i | vt. | to cause to drink, to give drink | ||||
konda-gi | vt. | to water animals | ||||
kondok ə-g-ən | vt. | to make tall | ||||
koɴʕodi / kəũdəi | n. | blacksmith, kami | ||||
koyu | n. | whistle | ||||
kulum | n. | lie, falsehood | ||||
kum kum ə-g-ən | vi. | to quarrel | ||||
kya.aŋ | adj. | thin, skinny | ||||
kʰərgun | adj. | red | ||||
kʰərkəla | n. | Brahmin | ||||
kʰərwi / kʰərugəi | n. | wheat | ||||
kʰəŋgu, χəŋgu | adj. | cold (of food) | ||||
kʰa ə-d-i; kʰa ə-g-i (3rd); kʰa ə-go (imp) | vt. | to parch grain | ||||
kʰaidzi | n. | food, cooked rice | ||||
kʰaiya, χaiya | n. | danger | ||||
kʰam-tsi-n, kʰam-tsi-du, kʰam-dzi; kʰam-to (imp), kʰam-in (proh) | vt. | to bite, chew | ||||
kʰaːu, χaːu | v. | not (existential) | ||||
kʰola (Nep.) | n. | stream | ||||
kʰomba | adj. | mad | ||||
kʰomba dəmdzi | vi. | to go mad | ||||
kʰurpa | n. | khukri, knife | ||||
kʰya ə-g-ən | vi. | to be shy | ||||
lə a-d-n̩, lə ə-g-ən / lãhãgo | vt. | to apply, rub in | ||||
ləbu u-g-ən / ləbbo | vi. | to be angry (lit. anger to come) | ||||
ləbə-d-i | vt. | to stamp, print | ||||
ləbə-d-n̩, ləbə-d-i; ləbə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to bury | ||||
ləmba-d-n̩, ləmba-d-i; ləmba ə-go (imp) | vt. | to learn, teach | ||||
ləp-dzi | vi. | to adhere, stick | ||||
ləp-n̩ | vi. | to be stamped, imprinted | ||||
ləpa, ləppa | n. | blood | ||||
ləŋgəi / lənkəi | n. | cigarette | ||||
ləŋka, ləŋkəi | adj. | long | ||||
lab ə-g-ən | vt. | to plant | ||||
laɢʕan / laŋ | n. | village | ||||
laː ə-d-i; laː ə-n-i (2nd); laː ə-go (imp) | vt. | to taste | ||||
laĩ / lãɲe, ləŋkan | n. | cucumber | ||||
lãsi | n. | wild cherry | ||||
lekʰa-d-n̩ / lekʰe-d-n̩ | vt. | to write | ||||
leː | n. | lie, falsehood | ||||
leː ə-g-ən | vt. | to lie (lit. to do a lie) | ||||
leː ə-g-ən (3rd); leː ə-go (imp) | vt. | to sweep | ||||
libʰə ə-g-ən | vi. | to move | ||||
libũ-dzi, libũ-tsi-n; libũ-to (imp), libũ-nin (proh) | vi. | to play | ||||
libuŋdzi | n. | player | ||||
ligən / ligin | n. | nettle, burlap | ||||
lime-d-n̩; limi ə-go (imp) / ləima ə-go | vt. | to make dance; make hop around | ||||
limit-n̩, limi-tsi-n; limi-to (imp) | vi. | to dance | ||||
limu-dzi, limu-tsi-n | vi. | to fight, quarrel | ||||
liŋwa | adj. | heavy | ||||
lolə ə-d-n̩, lolə ə-d-i; lolə ə-go (imp), lolə ə-yin (proh) | vi. | to cry out | ||||
məhi a-t-n̩, məhi ə-go | vt. | to mix | ||||
məhi, məih | n. | buffalo | ||||
məhi-dzi | adj. | mixed | ||||
məi | n. | mother | ||||
məimi | n. | anxiety | ||||
məina (Nep.) | n. | month | ||||
məiti əgəi | adj. | naked | ||||
məlaŋ | adv. | slowly | ||||
məlli bai | n. | second elder sister | ||||
məla a-t-n̩, məla a-d-i; məla ə-yin (proh) | vi. | to be late | ||||
məndu, mədəu | n. | elder sister’s husband | ||||
mənni / məni | adv. | many, much | ||||
məstəmə | adv. | slowly | ||||
məta, mə | adv. | only | ||||
məːbə-d-n̩, məːbə-d-i; məːbə-go (imp), məːbə-yin (proh) | vt. | to hear, listen | ||||
məŋ / maŋ, maŋlaŋ | n. | song | ||||
məŋ ə-g-ən | vt. | to sing (lit. 'do song') | ||||
-ma | aff. | with | ||||
malu | n. | Nepali cap, topi | ||||
mame, mami | n. | bread | ||||
maqʰadzi / maχkadzʰi | n. | father’s younger brother’s wife | ||||
mãχ / mãkʰ | n. | dream | ||||
mãχ ts-ãɴʕ-dzi | vi. | to dream (lit. see a dream) | ||||
matsa | n. | blood vessel | ||||
gemehaq / gimyaχ (
|
n. | Ban Raja | ||||
meː-t-n̩, meː-d-i | vt. | to lose | ||||
-mi | vt. | root form of the verb 'forget' | (see also tsə-mi-n) | |||
miː-to | vt. | imperative form of 'forget' | (see also tsə-mi-n) | |||
miː-t-n̩ | vi. | to lose, be lost | ||||
mihaqtse / mʰaq-tse / maktse | n. | boy | ||||
mitʰiŋ | vt. | to make mistake | ||||
mitʰu ə-g-ən | vi. | to drown | ||||
miu / myiu | n. | arrow | ||||
mom | n. | elder brother | ||||
moŋ / muŋ | n. | king | ||||
motʰa ə-go (imp) | vt. | to swallow | ||||
motsa | n. | banana, plantain | ||||
mundo (Nep.) | n. | ring | ||||
murutəŋ ə-g-ən | vt. | to release | ||||
muruŋ-to, mərəŋ əgo | vi. | to turn over, roll over | ||||
muŋni | n. | queen | ||||
mwø ə-d-n̩, mwø ə-d-i; mwø ə-go (imp), mwø ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to boil food | ||||
myaq / myaχ | n. | leopard | ||||
myaqa / myakʰa, myaka | adv. | alone | ||||
myaqə-t-n̩, myaqə-d-i; myaqə-g-ən (3rd); myaqə-go (imp) | vt. | to dig | ||||
myaqo getse | n. | cat | ||||
n-ə ə-n-i | vi. | second person form of 'speak' | ||||
nəbʰəi | n. | feast | ||||
nəbə-d-i; nəbə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to marry | ||||
n-əg-ən | vi. | second person form of 'go' | ||||
nən-da | pron. | accusative case of second person pronoun | ||||
nən kʰaːu | pron. | nothing | ||||
nən nohən | conj. | because | ||||
nən, nətn̩ | interrog. | what, why | ||||
nəsa | n. | fish | ||||
nəsa (Nep.) | n. | sinew | ||||
nəti | adv. | which, who | ||||
nəti kʰaːi | pron. | no one | ||||
nəti-ye | interrog. | whose | ||||
na | dem. | this (animate thing) | ||||
nep | n. | grandfather | ||||
n-ig-ən | vt. | second person form of 'put in' | (see also ts-ig-ən and -ig-) | |||
ni-gimdzi | pron. | your own | ||||
nig-i | pron. | yours plural | ||||
nikʰe a-t-n̩, nikʰe-d-i; nikʰe ə-g-ən (3rd) | vi. | to laugh | ||||
niku, nigu | n. | moon | ||||
nimbu | n. | lemon | ||||
ni-mi-n | vt. | prohibitive form of 'forget' | (see also tsə-mi-n) | |||
niŋgitse / niŋtsi | n. | daughter | ||||
n-ip-n̩ | vi. | second person form of 'sleep' | (see also ts-ip-n̩ and -ip-) | |||
n-it-n̩ | vi. | second person form of 'say' | (see also ts-it-n̩ and -it-) | |||
n-iw-ən | vi. | prohibitive form of 'go' and 'bring' | (see also -əg and əiga) | |||
ni-yi | pron. | yours | ||||
nõdze, nõwdze | pp. | up, above | ||||
n-oɢʕ-on | vt. | second person form of 'put, set aside' | (see also ts-oɢʕ-on) | |||
nok | pron. | you plural | ||||
nokok, noχok | n. | maternal grandfather | ||||
nu, niu | n. | person, human, man, mankind | ||||
nu, nən-da | pron. | you, thou | ||||
numba | n. | cow | ||||
numba getse | n. | calf | ||||
nupa | pp. | there | ||||
nuŋ-tsi-n; nuŋ-to (imp) | vi. | to rise, get up | ||||
nwatsiu | adj. | deep | ||||
nya | n. | grandmother | ||||
nya ə-go (imp) | vt. | to hold in two hands | ||||
nyabi, nyabe | n. | mother’s brother’s wife | ||||
nyam | n. | mother’s brother | ||||
nyase | n. | occasion | ||||
ɲãː-d-n̩, ɲãː-d-i; ɲãː ə-go (imp), ɲãː ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to lift, remove, extract, expel, pick up | ||||
ɲãɴʕdi / ɲãŋdi | n. | wife | ||||
ɲãɴʕdidze, ɲãɴʕdi getse | n. | human female, woman | ||||
ɲ-aɴʕ-dzi | vt. | second person form of 'see' | (see also ts-aɴʕ-dzi and gaɴʕ-no) | |||
ɲaq-tsi-n; ɲaq-ni-n (2nd); ɲaq-to (imp), ɲaq-nin (proh) | vi. | to wait | ||||
odoq | v. | not (equative) | ||||
oɢʕ-da-d-n̩, oɢʕ-da-d-i | vt. | to kill | (see also orə-d-n̩) | |||
oɢʕtsi, oːʕtsi | n. | upper body, chest | ||||
okti (Nep.) | n. | medicine | ||||
ola-d-n̩, ola-d-i; ola-g-i (3rd) | vt. | to step on | ||||
olaŋ | adj. | sweet, tasty | ||||
olum | n. | pilgrim | ||||
omoq, oməq / omok / omokʰ | n. | arm, wing, branch, sleeve | ||||
oməq / omaχ | n. | blouse, woman’s garment | ||||
õːɲi | adj. | big | ||||
oɴʕla-d-n̩, oɴʕla-d-i; oɴʕla ə-go (imp) | vt. | to search for; to want | ||||
oɴʕtaŋ | n. | smoking pipe | ||||
oɴʕtsə, õwtsə / əũtsa | adv. | afternoon | ||||
oɴʕɲi | n. | umbrella | ||||
oqtsi, oɢʕtsi, oːʕtsi / okʰtsi | n. | chest | ||||
orə-d-n̩, ora-d-i; orə-g-ən (3rd) | vt. | to kill | (see also oɢʕ-da-d-n̩) | |||
oran bəsə | adv. | next year | ||||
osenti | n. | girl | ||||
otisge | n. | ghost, spirit | ||||
otok | vt. | to reject | ||||
pəidzi | n. | cloth, clothing | ||||
pəidzi ɲãː ə-go (imp) | vt. | to undress (lit. 'remove clothing') | ||||
pəidzəbo | n. | lentil (Nep. mas) | ||||
pəitoba / pəitokba | n. | Damai, tailor | ||||
pənahak | n. | a kind of tree (Nep. malu; Bauhinia vahlii) | ||||
pəo-tsi-n | vi. | to be tired | ||||
pərmə-d-n̩, pərmə-d-i | vt. | to meet | ||||
pəsəo | adj. | hard | ||||
pətsʰe haq | n. | leafy vegetable, green leaf | ||||
pətsəidzi | adj. | upside down | ||||
pətse a-d-i; pətse ə-go (imp) | vt. | to return; to give back (lit. 'do return') | ||||
pətse e-d-i | vt. | to return, give back (lit. 'give return') | ||||
pəwi / pəui / pəuəi | n. | bamboo | ||||
pəyet | n. | leech | ||||
pəyãkʰ | n. | hay | ||||
pəŋga | n. | spider | ||||
pəŋgyu | n. | lizard | ||||
pãgo | num. | five | ||||
papdore abəq | n. | a tree mushroom | ||||
paː-d-i; paː ə-go (imp) | vt. | to pick, pluck | ||||
paːtse / patsʰe | pp. | downhill | ||||
paŋdzaŋ | num. | five | ||||
pãsula (Nep.) | n. | shin | ||||
pãːyi / pãi | n. | cloud | ||||
pewa əgən | vt. | to scrub outside | ||||
pimba ə-go (imp) | vt. | to count | ||||
pimpiŋdzi | vi. | to feel drowsy | ||||
pinda | adv. | before, in front of | ||||
pinda duktsi | n. | eldest son | ||||
pinda pinda | adv. | long ago | ||||
pit ə-go (imp) | vi. | to leave, depart | ||||
pita-d-i; pita-n-i (2nd); pita ə-go (imp) | vt. | to untie | ||||
pitta | n. | bile | ||||
piːəgu | num. | four | ||||
piwə ə-go (imp), piwə ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to peel | ||||
põtʰa ə-go (imp) | vt. | to jump over | ||||
poχla-d-n̩, poχla-d-i, poχla ə-go (imp), poχla ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to bathe | ||||
pui | n. | iguana | ||||
pumba-d-n̩, pumba-d-i, pumba ə-go (imp), pumba ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to beat | ||||
pumba-d-n̩, pumba-d-i; pumba ə-go (imp), pumba ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to hit, strike | ||||
purano (Nep.) | adj. | old | ||||
pwahan | n. | graveyard, cemetary | ||||
pya | adv. | earlier | ||||
pyadz (Nep.) | n. | onion | ||||
pyai dəgən bəsə | adv. | last year | ||||
pyai pyai | adv. | long ago | ||||
pyana, pyene / peni | adv. | yesterday | ||||
pyaŋdzaŋ | num. | four | ||||
pʰəlaq | n. | bed | ||||
pʰəu-n | vi. | to finish (be consumed) | ||||
pʰəŋ, pʰ~ə ə-g-ən | vt. | to digest | ||||
pʰã ə-g-ən | vt. | to help, give aid | ||||
pʰeb-a-d-n̩, pʰeb-a-d-i | vt. | to make fall, knock over | ||||
pʰeladəŋ | n. | lentil (Nep. gəgət) | ||||
pʰelaŋ | adj. | flat | ||||
pʰelãde | n. | beaten rice | ||||
pʰep-a-d-n̩, pʰep-a-d-i | vt. | to drop | ||||
pʰep-n̩; pʰep-to (imp), pʰeb-in (proh) | vi. | to drop, fall over | ||||
pʰira-d-n̩, pʰira ə-go | vt. | to fill | ||||
pʰirun, pʰirut-n̩ | v., adj. | full | ||||
pʰo a-d-n̩; pʰo ə-g-ən (3rd) | vt. | to hit, strike; to shoot a gun | ||||
pʰotoq / pʰoqtoχ, pʰokto | adj. | short | ||||
pʰurluŋ | adj. | red | ||||
pʰurpʰu-d-i; pʰurpʰu-to (imp) | vi. | to run | ||||
pʰuː-dzi, pʰuː-d-i; pʰu-to (imp), pʰu-yin (proh) | vi. | to jump | ||||
pʰwa ə-g-ən | vi. | to burst | ||||
pʰwotoq | adj. | low | ||||
pʰya ə-go (imp) | vt. | to wash clothes | ||||
pʰyaksəm | n. | horse | ||||
pʰyaləm | adj. | soft, mushy | ||||
qəmba ə-d-i / qəmba ə-go | vt. | to pour | ||||
qaɢʕtse | adv. | together | ||||
qaien, qaiɢʕun, qaidzi | adj. | dry, wither | ||||
qaːi / kai | n. | wind, air, steam | ||||
qaːi hur-ən | vt. | to breathe (lit. throw breath) | ||||
qamtsi | n. | pillow | ||||
qaoli | n. | god | ||||
qaːn | n. | itch | ||||
qaːsn̩ | num. | one | ||||
qaːs-n̩ | vi. | to tear, be torn | ||||
qasə-d-i | vt. | to tear, rip off | ||||
qasti, qaːsn̩ | num. | one | ||||
qasə-d-i | vt. | to tear | ||||
qato / katəu | adj. | bitter | ||||
qatraq | n. | son-in-law | ||||
qau-ən | vi. | to decay | ||||
qau-da-d-n̩, qau-da-d-i; qauda ə-go (imp) | vt. | to make decay | ||||
qaudzi | adj. | rotten | ||||
qawai | n. | jackal | ||||
qayo | n. | skirt | ||||
qoɢʕe-d-n̩, qoɢʕe-d-i, qoɢʕe-d-u | vt. | to argue | ||||
qomə-d-i | vi. | to move from one place to another | ||||
qomba-a-t-n̩, qomba-a-d-i; qomba ə-go (imp) | vt. | to move, pour from one container to another | ||||
qon | vt. | imperative form of 'drink' | (see also ts-oɴʕ-on) | |||
qotu / kotou, koʈou | n. | bird | ||||
qotu uhu | n. | bird’s beak | ||||
qotu wi | n. | nest | ||||
qoturaq | adv. | day after tomorrow | ||||
qʰai-d-n̩, qʰai-dzi-n; qʰai-ni-n (2nd); qʰai-to (imp), qʰai-nin (proh) | vi. | to fear, be frightened | ||||
rəktsa / rəktsʰya | n. | Chettri | ||||
rənta | n. | swing | ||||
rəŋgunda / rəmkuna | n. | pumpkin | ||||
rãko, raŋkwa | n. | millet | ||||
rambenda (Nep.) | n. | tomato | ||||
ran | n. | millet | ||||
ruga (Nep.) | n. | nasal mucus | ||||
ruːə-d-i; ruːə-go (imp) | vt. | to pull, drag | ||||
sə ə-go (imp) | vi. | to bow; to salute | ||||
səi | n. | bear | ||||
səmba | adv. | after, later, behind | ||||
səmba | n. | buttocks | ||||
səmtoq | n. | squirrel | ||||
səũli, s~əli | n. | pine tree | ||||
sabe | pp. | there, that direction | ||||
sa.am / sam | n. | star | ||||
sali bai | n. | third elder sister | ||||
s-aɴʕ-an; haɴʕ-no (imp) | vi. | to sit | ||||
sat | n. | comb | ||||
sat ipi bənə-d-i | vt. | to comb hair | ||||
segu (Nep.) | n. | rain shield | ||||
sen | n. | paddy | ||||
seː-d-n̩, seː-d-i; seː ə-go (imp) | vt. | to catch | ||||
siba, siwa | adv. | quickly, fast | ||||
sib-a-d-n̩, sib-a-d-i; sib-a ə-go (imp), sib-a ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to enter, pass through | ||||
sidzaŋ | n. | beer, brew | ||||
simi (Nep.) | n. | beans | ||||
sip-n̩, sip-tsi-n; sip-to (imp), sip-in (proh) | vi. | to enter | ||||
sisen / sisin | n. | paddy, rice field | ||||
siŋki | n. | eagle | ||||
sodzaq | greet. | hello, greetings | ||||
sok ə-go | vi. | to graze | ||||
soksogərəm, soksodi | adj. | black | ||||
sola-d-n̩, sola-d-i; sola ə-go (imp), sola ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to break (as a pencil) | ||||
solo-q-n̩ | vi. | to break in two | ||||
soq-a-d-n̩, soq-a-d-i; soq-a-go (imp) | vt. | to cause to climb | ||||
soq-n̩, soq-tsi-n; soq-ni-n (2nd); soq-to (imp) | vi. | to climb | ||||
soqdzi yi | n. | ladder | ||||
sowa-d-n̩, sowa-d-i, sowa-go | vt. | to wash pots | ||||
supo | n. | winnowing tray | ||||
suta, sutta | n. | rope, string, thread | ||||
swəttei / swəttəi | adv. | all | ||||
sya ə-go (imp) | vt. | to hold tightly | ||||
təinan bəsə | adv. | this year | ||||
təmbə-d-n̩, təmbə-d-i; tambə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to send | ||||
tən-da | pron. | accusative form of first person pronoun | ||||
təwa | n. | this side | ||||
təwa | pp. | to here | ||||
təĩna, təndin / təndiŋ | adv. | today | ||||
t-əm-ən; n-əm-ən (2nd); am, am-to (imp), n-əm-in (proh) | vt. | to eat | ||||
ta | dem. | this (inanimate things) | ||||
tahu-dzi | vi. | to reach | ||||
tap | n. | chicken | ||||
tap getse | n. | chick | ||||
tap gimi | n. | hen | ||||
tap gya | n. | rooster, cock | ||||
tape, tapye | pp. | here; to this direction | ||||
taqsi | n. | boys and girls | ||||
tasin, tasi | n. | bush | ||||
taŋ | n. | rain, water | ||||
taŋ dziu-n, dziu-t-n̩ | vi. | to leak | ||||
taŋ pəiyo | n. | thirst (lit. 'thirst water') | ||||
tei saŋ-dzi | vi. | to remain | ||||
teisa | pp. | here | ||||
tigi-i | pron. | ours | ||||
toba ə-d-i; toba ə-go (imp) | vt. | to sew | ||||
tok | pron. | we | ||||
toldok | n. | rice milk | ||||
t-oɢʕ-an; oɢʕ-do (imp), nə-du (imp), n-oɢʕə-yin (proh) | vi. | to die | ||||
toɢʕon | adv. | day before yesterday | ||||
tu | n. | snake, bug, insect | ||||
tuba-o (imp) | vt. | to extinguish | ||||
t-ug-un; əga (imp), n-ug-in (proh) | vi. | to come | ||||
t-uk-an; n-ukan (imp) | vt. | to know | ||||
tul-tsi-n; tul-ni-n (2nd); tul-to (imp), tulə-yin (proh) | vi. | to dress | ||||
tul-a-d-n̩, tul-a-d-i / tul-a ə-go (imp) | vt. | to dress someone | ||||
tumbə-d-n̩, tumbə-d-i | vt. | to finish | ||||
tut | n. | bow | ||||
twi | n. | bee | ||||
twi-yi gidaŋ | n. | honey | ||||
tʰəwə / tʰəwa | n. | place | ||||
tʰal (Nep.) | n. | plate | ||||
tʰamdzi | pp. | between | ||||
tʰamdzi | vt. | to pierce (by a thorn) | ||||
tʰumən yeŋgu | n. | mortar | ||||
ts-ə ə-d-n̩, ts-ə ə-d-i; n-ə ə-n-i (2nd) | vi. | to talk, speak | ||||
ts-əg-ən; n-əg-ən (2nd); d-əg-əi (3rd); da (imp), n-iw-ən (proh) | vi. | to go | ||||
tsə-mi-n, tsə-mi-di; ni-mi-di (2nd); miː-to (imp), ni-mi-n (proh) | vt. | to forget | ||||
tsəmaq | n. | steel for striking fire | ||||
tsəmaq tʰagən yeŋgu | n. | flint (lit. steel striking stone) | ||||
tsəmək | n. | tinder, fire fibers | ||||
ts-aɴʕ-dzi; ɲ-aɴʕ-dzi (2nd); g-aɴʕ-dzi (3rd); gaɴʕ-no (imp) | vt. | to see, look | ||||
tsi | vi. | to be (locational) | ||||
tsi, tən-da | pron. | I | ||||
tsidan | n. | credit | ||||
ts-iw-ən, ts-i-d-i; əiga (imp), n-iw-ən (proh) | vt. | to fetch; to bring | ||||
ts-ig-ən; n-ig-ən (2nd) | vt. | to put in (Nep. hal-nu) | ||||
tsi-gimdzi | pron. | my own | ||||
tsilip ə-g-ən (3rd); tsilip ə-go (imp) | vt. | to squeeze, wring, to milk | ||||
tsim tsim ə-g-ən | v. | to feel | ||||
tsimə-d-i, tsimə ə-go | vt. | to touch | ||||
tsini (Nep.) | n. | sugar | ||||
tsinu | n. | a kind of tree | ||||
ts-ip-n̩; n-ip-n̩ (2nd); g-ip-n̩ (3rd); ip-to (imp) | vi. | to sleep | ||||
tsirma-t-n̩, tsirma-d-i; tsirma ə-go (imp) | vt. | to recognize | ||||
ts-it-n̩; n-it-n̩ (2nd); i-dzi (3rd) | vi. | to say (quotative) | ||||
ts-iw-ən | vt. | to bring | ||||
tsi-yi | pron. | mine | ||||
ts-oɢʕ-on; n-oɢʕ-on (2nd); g-oɢʕ-on (3rd) | vt. | to put, set aside | ||||
ts-oɴʕ-on; at-to (imp) | vt. | to say | ||||
ts-oɴʕ-ən; qon (imp), n-oɴʕ ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to drink | ||||
tsu / tsiu | vi. | to be (existential) | ||||
tsula (Nep.) | n. | firepit | ||||
tsya | n. | tea | ||||
tsʰãːn, tsʰãː-d-i, tsʰãː ə-g-ən | vt. | to tie, bind | ||||
tsʰut ə-g-ən | vt. | to cross river | ||||
ubə-go (imp) | vt. | to blow | ||||
uhu, u.u | n. | tooth | ||||
ukʰi-q-n̩ | vi. | to ruin | ||||
ukʰə ə-g-ən | vt. | to ruin | ||||
ulum-to (imp) | vi. | to roam | ||||
umbə a-t-n̩, umbə a-d-i; umbə ə-go (imp) | vt. | to call | ||||
un | n. | trail, road | ||||
un, uŋ | n. | road, path, trail | ||||
unda-d-n̩, un-da-d-i; unda ə-go (imp) | vt. | to show | ||||
unibai uŋnibai | n. | eldest sister | ||||
upto / opʈo | n. | knee, kneecap | ||||
uris (Nep.) | n. | bedbug | ||||
usni | n. | girl | ||||
wak (Nep.) | n. | vomit | ||||
waŋ | n. | firefly | ||||
wen, weyən | adj. | good | ||||
wi / uhi, ui | n. | house | ||||
witʰu / oitʰəu | adj. | slippery | ||||
witʰu dum | n. | mud | ||||
yəi / ei | n. | father | ||||
ya ə-go | vt. | to spread, make a bed | ||||
ya.a / yakʰ, yaχ | n. | straw mat (Nep. ghundro) | ||||
yaɢʕsi, yaːqsi / yase | n. | lower back, waist | ||||
yaɢʕu, yaːʕu / yaχəu | adj. | cold (weather) | ||||
yaq | n. | hail, snow | ||||
yaqa, yakʰa, yaχa | n. | porcupine | ||||
yaŋ | n. | shit, dung | ||||
yaŋ ə-g-ən / yã ə-g-ən (3rd); yã ə-go (imp), yã ə-yin (proh) | vt. | to defecate | ||||
yaŋbəru / yaŋburu | n. | Kumal | ||||
yãtsa | n. | father’s younger brother | ||||
yebu | n. | yam | ||||
yegəmba | n. | civet cat | ||||
yegəmbu | n. | Magar | ||||
yekʰolak, yakələk | adj. | dumb | ||||
yen | n. | foot, leg | ||||
yen amba | n. | thigh (lit. 'leg meat') | ||||
yen gidət / yen gitət | n. | shoe (lit. 'foot leather') | ||||
yeodze | adv. | now, one moment | ||||
yerəŋ ə-go | vt. | to make tight | ||||
yeŋ dəi ə-g-ən | vt. | to kick (lit 'hit with leg') | ||||
yeŋgu | n. | coin (lit. stone) | ||||
yeŋgu / yiŋgu | n. | stone, pestle | ||||
yeŋgu əota | n. | cave (lit. stone door) | ||||
yeŋgut / yiŋgut | n. | rat, weasel, mouse | ||||
-yi, -hi, -gi | aff. | genitive | ||||
yibiu ə-g-ən | vt. | to scratch | ||||
yiː / ihi | n. | tree | ||||
yolaq | adj. | soft | ||||
yowən | vi. | to ripen | ||||
yuŋ-tsi-n, yuŋ-tsi-du; yuŋ-to (imp) | vi. | to lie down | ||||
yuŋsũ / gusuŋ | n. | tail |
Kusunda word list from Aaley & Bodt (2019):
No. | English gloss | Kusunda | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
1 | above | ɐɴ.ʣe | |
2 | all | swɐ.te | |
3 | the ant | bi.ki | |
4 | the armpit | ka.kʰi | < NEP कािख kākhi ‘armpit’ |
5 | bad | qo.lum | |
6 | the bamboo | pɐ.we | |
7 | the barley (Tibetan or highland) | gi.sa.la | |
8 | to be alive | əj.gi | |
9 | the belly | ge.mɐt | |
10 | below, under | ɐ.me | |
11 | big | bɐ.ʦʰe | |
12 | the bird | qo.tow | |
13 | to bite | kʰɐm | |
14 | black | sok.sok | |
15 | the blood | lɐ.pa | |
16 | to blow (of wind) | qɐj u | WIND + COME |
17 | the body hair (hair or fur) | gi | |
18 | the bone | gu.hu | |
19 | the branch | ji o.moq | TREE + UPPER ARM |
20 | the breast (female) | ɐm.bu | |
21 | to burn | huɴ | |
22 | to buy | ʣɐk | |
23 | to chew | – | descriptive, repetition of ‘bite’ = chew |
24 | the child (young human) | gə.ʦeː | |
25 | the cloud | bɐm | |
26 | cold (of temperature) | jɐ.ɢɐw | cold of weather / temperature |
27 | to come | u | |
28 | correct (right) | wen | = GOOD; with /e/ realised following /w, j/ |
29 | to count | pim.ba | |
30 | to cry (weep) | ʣʰɐm | |
31 | dark | – | concept does not exist, only ‘dusk’ (lit. SUN+NEG.EXIT.COP), midnight, evening etc. |
32 | the daughter | niŋ gə.ʦeː | DAUGHTER (?) + CHILD |
33 | the dew | – | does not exist, new compounds are made based on FALL + WATER, STAY + WATER etc. |
34 | to die | oɢ.da | |
35 | to dig | mek | |
36 | dirty | hu.ji.gɐn | hu.jiː = ‘dirt, dust’, also verb ‘be dirty’ |
37 | the dog | ɐ.gəj | |
38 | the dream | maq | |
39 | to drink | qɔn | |
40 | dry | qɐj | actually, root of the verb ‘dry, wither’. No consensus about adj. suffix. |
41 | the dust | hu.ji | = DIRT |
42 | the ear | jəw | |
43 | early | si.ba | |
44 | the earth (soil) | dum | = MUD |
45 | the earthworm | aj.ni | |
46 | to eat | ɐm | |
47 | the egg | gwa | |
48 | eight | at | < NEP आठ āṭh ‘eight’ |
49 | the eye | i.nəŋ | |
50 | far | hun.tow | |
51 | the father | jej | |
52 | the feather | ɐ.hun | = WING |
53 | to fight | li.mu | |
54 | the fire | ʣa | |
55 | firewood | dəj.ʣi | |
56 | the fish | nɐ.sa | |
57 | five | pa.gu | |
58 | the flea | bul.ʦʰum | |
59 | to float | – | concept does not exist? |
60 | to flow | – | noun + verb compound WATER + GO |
61 | the flower | ge.pan | |
62 | to fly (move through air) | hu | |
63 | the fog | – | concept does not exist? |
64 | the foot | jen | = LEG |
65 | the forest | gi.lɐŋ | |
66 | to forget | mi | |
67 | four | pi.gu | |
68 | the fox | qa.wəj | act. any kind of wild dog, incl. dhole, wild dog, jackal |
69 | the frog | bɐm.lu | |
70 | the front (front side) | pin.da | |
71 | the frost | jaq | = SNOW, HAIL, ICE |
72 | the fruit | ʣoŋ.ʣɐŋ | |
73 | full | pʰi.ru.t.n | |
74 | to give | e | |
75 | the goat | ɐj.ʣi.ki | also ‘goral’ |
76 | good | wen | |
77 | the grass | – | concept does not exist, either NEP loan or word derived from Gorkha vocabulary |
78 | green | hɐ.rə.gun | < NEP हिरयो hariyō ‘green’ |
79 | the hail | jaq | = SNOW, ICE, FROST |
80 | the hair (of the head) | i.pi gi | = HEAD + HAIR |
81 | the hand | a.wəj | |
82 | hard | pɐ.sɔw | |
83 | he or she | gi.na | = THAT |
84 | the head | i.pi | |
85 | to hear | mɐm.bə | |
86 | the heart | gɔ.blɔk | |
87 | heavy | liŋ.wa | |
88 | here | təj.sa | |
89 | to hide (conceal) | hʲɔq | |
90 | high / tall | gʰop.ba | |
91 | to hold | siː | |
92 | the hoof | – | do not remember |
93 | horizontal | – | concept does not exist? |
94 | the horn (keratinized skin) | – | do not remember |
95 | the horse | pʰek.sɐm | ‘pack animal’ |
96 | hot | gʰɐ.rɐw | < NEP गरम gāram ‘hot’ |
97 | the house | wu.hi | |
98 | hundred | sɐj | < NEP सय say ‘one hundred’ |
99 | to hunt | pɐ.də | |
100 | the husband | du.hi | |
101 | I | ʦi | |
102 | the ice | jaq | = SNOW, FROST, HAIL |
103 | inside | ɐɴ | |
104 | to kill | ɔɢ.da ɐ.go | = DIE + DO (causative of ‘die’ = ‘kill’) |
105 | to knead | ʣɔk | |
106 | the knee | up.to | |
107 | knife | qo.le | |
108 | to know (something) | ʦir.ma | act. ‘know, recognise’? Root of ‘know’ is elusive. |
109 | the lake | – | concept does not exist? |
110 | late | mɐ.lɐŋ | |
111 | to laugh | ni.kʰe | ni thought original |
112 | the leaf | haq | |
113 | to learn | lɐm.ba | |
114 | left | – | concept does not exist? |
115 | to lick | lɐk | |
116 | to lie down | mu.roŋ | |
117 | light (of weight) | kaɴ.wər | |
118 | the lip (the lips) | – | concept does not exist? |
119 | the liver | i.dow | |
120 | long | lɐŋ | second syllable uncertain |
121 | the louse | kiː | |
122 | the lung | – | no consensus, may be syn. with HEART? |
123 | the man (male human) | du.hi gə.ʦe | HUSBAND + CHILD |
124 | many | mə.ni | |
125 | to marry (a man marries a woman) | nɐ.bə | |
126 | the meat | ɐm.ba | |
127 | middle | gi.ʣat | rhyme -at seen as original |
128 | the moon | ni.ku | |
129 | morning | – | compounds / descriptive |
130 | the mosquito | – | concept does not exist? |
131 | the mother | mɐj | |
132 | the mountain | di.bɐŋ | |
133 | the mouse or rat | jɛŋ.gut | |
134 | the mouth | ɐ.ta | |
135 | the mud | dum | = EARTH (SOIL) |
136 | the nail (fingernail or claw) | ɐw.si | |
137 | the name | gi.ʣe | |
138 | narrow | – | concept does not exist, use SMALL |
139 | near | is.ta | |
140 | the neck | hɐŋ.ki | |
141 | the needle (for sewing) | ər.ʦʰa | |
142 | new | ʣeŋ.n | |
143 | nine | nɐw | < NEP नौ nau ‘nine’ |
144 | the nit | ʣoɴ.ok | |
145 | noon | oɴ.ʦa | |
146 | the nose | i.now | |
147 | old (of person) | dəj.ja | |
148 | one | qɐs.ti | |
149 | the otter | – | do not remember |
150 | outside | baɴ.ʣa | |
151 | the pig | hi | |
152 | to plant (vegetables, rice) | lɐ.bə | |
153 | to play | li.buŋ | |
154 | to pull | ru | |
155 | to push | dʰu.sə | |
156 | the rain | tɐŋ | = WATER |
157 | the rainbow | – | concept does not exist? |
158 | red | kʰɐ.rə.gun | |
159 | to reside (live) | haɴ | |
160 | the rice plant | si.sin | |
161 | right | – | concept does not exist? |
162 | the river | – | do not remember |
163 | the road | un | |
164 | the root | go.dok | |
165 | the rope | su.ta | |
166 | round | gu.luŋ | |
167 | to run | pʰur.pʰur | |
168 | the salt | hu.ki | |
169 | salty | hu.ki ɐm | SALT + EAT |
170 | the sand | gə.li | |
171 | to scratch | – | no consensus |
172 | the sea | – | concept does not exist |
173 | to see | gɐɴ | |
174 | the seed | – | concept does not exist? |
175 | seven | sat | < NEP सात sāt ‘seven’ |
176 | sharp | qan | |
177 | the sheep | gʰo.loq | |
178 | to shoot (an arrow) | pʰo | |
179 | short | pʰok.tok | |
180 | the shoulder | – | do not remember |
181 | shy | kʰe | |
182 | the sickle | ba.kʰa | (also: woodpecker) |
183 | to sing | mɐŋ.la | |
184 | six | ʦʰaː | < NEP छ cha ‘six’ |
185 | the skin | gi.tət | |
186 | the sky | – | do not remember or does not exist? |
187 | to sleep | ip | |
188 | small | huŋ.kəj | |
189 | to smell (perceive odor) | gən.ʣi | |
190 | the smoke | di.mi | |
191 | smooth | – | concept does not exist? |
192 | the snake | tuk | |
193 | the snow | jaq | = ICE, FROST, HAIL |
194 | soft | jo.lɐq | |
195 | the son | duk.ʦi | |
196 | the sparrow | – | concept does not exist or don’t remember? |
197 | the spider | pɐŋ.ga | |
198 | to spit | ɐ.ta gi.tɐŋ hur.rə | = MOUTH + LIQUID + THROW AWAY |
199 | to stand | dʰuŋ | |
200 | the star | sa.ɢɐm | |
201 | to steal | ki.la | |
202 | the stick | dəŋ.ga | |
203 | the stone (a piece of) | jeŋ.gu | |
204 | straight | – | concept does not exist, use descriptive? |
205 | the sun | i.jəŋ | |
206 | the tail | suŋ | first syllable is unclear |
207 | ten | das | < NEP दस das ‘ten’ |
208 | that | gi.na | = HE, SHE (3RD PERSON SINGULAR) |
209 | there | – | no consensus |
210 | thick | gʰəj.ni | |
211 | the thigh | o.dok | |
212 | thin (object) | ke.kʰɐŋ | |
213 | to think (reflect) | im.bə | |
214 | this | na | |
215 | thou | nu | |
216 | three | da.hɐt | |
217 | to throw | hur.rə | |
218 | the thunder | – | concept does not exist or don’t remember? |
219 | the tiger | meq | |
220 | today | – | no consensus |
221 | tomorrow | gu.rɐq | |
222 | the tongue | i.ʣəŋ | |
223 | the tooth (front) | u.hu | |
224 | the tree | ji | may be < i.jiː |
225 | twenty | bis | < NEP |
226 | two | du.kʰu | |
227 | to vomit | – | concept does not exist or don’t remember? |
228 | to walk | – | no consensus |
229 | the water | tɐŋ | = RAIN |
230 | we | tok | |
231 | wet | ʣʰok | |
232 | what | nɐ.t.n | |
233 | the wheat | kʰɐ.ru.gu.hi | |
234 | where | hɐm.pe | |
235 | white | ka.si | |
236 | who | nə.ti | |
237 | the wife | neŋ.ɐ.di | |
238 | the wind | qɐj | |
239 | the wing | ɐ.hun | = FEATHER |
240 | to wipe | – | no consensus |
241 | the wolf | – | concept does not exist, cf. FOX |
242 | the woman | neŋ.ɐ.di gə.ʦe | = WIFE + CHILD |
243 | the wood (material) | – | specific concept does notexist? Either TREE or FIREWOOD? |
244 | to sow (broadcast, scatter seeds) | – | concept does not exist |
245 | the year | bɐr.saː | < NEP बषर् barṣa ‘year’ |
246 | yellow | – | descriptive terms, noconsensus |
247 | yesterday | pe | |
248 | you | nɔk | |
249 | young | ma.ɢa.ʦʰe | |
250 | the shit | jeŋ |
Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages |
---|
Papuan |
p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep |
Australian |
North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda |
Others |
p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Bonda • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan |