Proto-Pama-Nyungan reconstructions:[1]
| gloss | Proto-Pama-Nyungan |
|---|---|
| (ablative, elative) suffix or postposition | *nguru |
| acacia (sp.) | *wirlu |
| alive | *kunka |
| all | *muku |
| anger | *kuli |
| ankle | *nuka |
| another | *wiːya |
| auntie | *mayi |
| away | *yarra ~ *yirra |
| back | *mutu/a |
| beard | *ngarnka |
| behind | *kurri |
| belly (inside) | *walngka |
| big | *purlka |
| bird sp: frogmouth | *tawa ~ *tawu |
| bite | *paca- ~ *paca- |
| black | *ngulcu |
| bone | *muku |
| bottom | *mangka |
| bream (sp.) | *lipa- |
| breast | *ngamun |
| by and by | *ngula |
| cavity | *lumpu |
| cheek | *walu |
| child (to woman), sister’s child | *cuwa ~ *cuway |
| clean | *taːrrkal |
| cold | *mica |
| cook in earth oven | *kaːmpa- |
| cooked food | *mucya |
| cousin | *maːri |
| cry | *rungka- |
| damage | *ruwa-/i- |
| dig | *paːnga- |
| dig | *paka- |
| digging stick | *kana |
| drink | *kuñcya- |
| drink | *luka- |
| dry | *lalka |
| eat | *mungka- |
| excrement | *kuna |
| eye | *kuru |
| fall | *kaːlka/i- |
| fall | *wanti- ~ *wanta- |
| fast | *kalmpa |
| father’s sister | *piːmu |
| fish | *kuya/u |
| flame | *yalyu |
| foot | *cama |
| foot | *cina |
| forehead | *ngulu |
| green pygmy goose | *tiwa+ |
| ground | *taːku |
| hand | *mara |
| having | *+mirri |
| heart | *lulku |
| here | *ñaka |
| hip | *pirlu |
| hit | *paca- (?) |
| hold together | *karrpi- ~ *karrpa- |
| I | *ngayu ~ *ngayi ~ *ngaya |
| later | *ngaka |
| laugh | *cangkar(V) |
| lay (egg), give birth to (young) | *ngaːci- ~ *ngaːca- |
| left hand | *caku |
| lick | *pila- |
| lick | *pina |
| louse | *kulu/i |
| moon | *kakara |
| moon (full) | *pira |
| mother | *ngama |
| mother’s brother | *ngami(r)ni |
| mother’s father | *ngaci |
| mother’s mother | *kami |
| mother’s older brother | *mukur |
| mouth | *caː |
| mouth | *caːwa/u |
| mud | *curlpi |
| nasal mucus | *ngu(ː)rrci |
| neck | *manu |
| nose | *kuːwu |
| nose | *ngurru |
| not | *kari |
| one | *kuma |
| pearlshell | *piːrra |
| pierce | *ka(r)li- |
| pigeon (sp.) | *laparr |
| pull | *purra-/i- |
| pus, matter | *ci(ː)ci |
| put | *wanta- ~ *wanti- |
| put | *wunpa/i- |
| rat | *kalu |
| rotten | *puka |
| saltpan | *pacirri |
| sand | *curtu |
| sandfly | *lañirri |
| scratch, scrape | *wiːrrngka- |
| seagull | *cyarra |
| see | *ña(ː)- |
| shade | *malu |
| shell, bivalve (sp.) | *wirti |
| shin | *yangkara |
| sickness | *wanci |
| singe it | *wita- |
| sister (older) | *yapa |
| sit | *ñiːna- |
| smell | *ñuːma- |
| some | *wapu |
| sore | *wiːthi |
| speak | *wangka- (?) |
| spear | *kalka |
| spear | *laːma- ~ *raːma- ~ *taːma- |
| spear | *ra- |
| stand it up | *carra- |
| stick | *ci(ː)rni |
| sting | *raca- |
| taboo | *ngalñca |
| tail | *mulu |
| take | *maː- |
| termite mound | *tipa |
| there | *pala |
| thigh | *carra |
| to wet (something) | *kiñca- |
| together | *turnu |
| tongue | *calañ |
| tongue | *ngañcar |
| tooth | *rirra ~ *lirra |
| turn | *wirni- |
| two | *kucyarra ~ *kucarra |
| urine | *kañcyi |
| urine | *kumpu |
| vegetable food | *mayi |
| water | *nguku ~ *nguki |
| what | *miña |
| what | *ngaːni |
| where | *wañca |
| who | *waːri ~ *waːra |
| wife’s mother’s brother | *caːmi |
| wind | *waːrlpa |
| wing | *marra |
| woman | *kapi+ |
| woman | *yipi |
| γost | *wangarr |
| gloss | Proto-Pama-Nyungan |
|---|---|
| 1 Sg Dir. Object | *ngañi, *ngaña |
| 1 Sg Oblique | *ngacu(+) |
| 1 Sg Oblique | *ngaca+ |
| 2 Sg | *ñuntu |
| you SG OBL | *ñuna |
| we EXnonSg | *ngana |
| we INDU | *ngali |
| you PL | *ñurra |
| they DU | *pula |
| they PL | *cana |
| Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages |
|---|
| Papuan |
|
p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep |
| Australian |
|
North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda |
| Others |
|
p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Bonda • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan |