Proto-Ngayarda reconstructions:[1]
Reconstructions of Proto-Ngayarda proposed by O'Grady (1966):
| No. | English gloss | Proto-Ngayarda |
|---|---|---|
| 101 | emu | *canku.n̩a |
| 102 | kookaburra | *caru |
| 103 | arm, upper; elbow | *ciḷi |
| 104 | big | *ciḷi.ra |
| 105 | blunt; dull | *cin̯t̯aṇ |
| 106 | east; north; east | *ciŋka; *ciŋka.yi; ciŋka.rka |
| 107 | pelican | *ciRu.ṇa |
| 108 | wait | *cit̯ari- |
| 109 | eye | *cita.mara |
| 110 | smoke | *cucu |
| 111 | all | *culu |
| 112 | to return | *kaḷi.ñca.ri- |
| 113 | kidney | *kaḷi.piri |
| 114 | to climb, rise | *kaḷpa- |
| 115 | to carry | *kaḷpa-(L) |
| 116 | tree | *kaṇṭi |
| 117 | loose | *kankal |
| 118 | knee | *kaŋku |
| 119 | thicket | *kara |
| 120 | hit | *kata.ma-(L)- |
| 121 | mosquito | *kumiṇ |
| 122 | brain | *kuṇṭu¹ |
| 123 | round | *kuRu-kuRu |
| 124 | star | *kuṭala |
| 125 | root | *mal̯a |
| 126 | lazy; tired | *maḷi |
| 127 | honey | *maḷi.ya |
| 128 | good | *maḷku.ra |
| 129 | knee | *maṇpur |
| 130 | son | *mañka |
| 131 | wing | *mara |
| 132 | blood | *mata |
| 133 | red | *maṭa-maṭa |
| 134 | food | *maṭu.miri |
| 135 | father’s father | *mayi.ḷi |
| 136 | paperbark | *miḷi |
| 137 | groin | *miḷka |
| 138 | to lick | *mila-(L)- |
| 139 | fingernail; toenail | *milcu |
| 140 | semen | *min̯a |
| 141 | by-and-by | *miṇa.wara |
| 142 | to hit with a missile; to shoot | *miṇṭil̄.(S)-(L)- |
| 143 | clitoris | *miṇṭin |
| 144 | fingernail | *miṇṭu |
| 145 | steal | *muca-(L)- |
| 146 | cave | *muli |
| 147 | back | *muru |
| 148 | bite; drink | *n̯an̯t̯a-(L)- |
| 149 | ground | *n̯aṇu |
| 150 | hair, pubic | *n̯añi |
| 151 | hair, pubic | *ñalu |
| 152 | this | *ñiya |
| 153 | loose; soft | *ñulu |
| 154 | copulate with | *ŋal̯a-(L)- |
| 155 | liver | *ŋalka.Ri |
| 156 | liver | *ŋama.ri |
| 157 | tobacco | *ŋama.Ri |
| 158 | excrement; ground | *ŋan̯t̯a |
| 159 | turtle | *ŋaṭa.piri |
| 160 | star | *ŋuku |
| 161 | kangaroo, grey | *paci-wana.ra |
| 162 | break; come apart | *paka- |
| 163 | rub | *pal̯a.ma-(L)- |
| 164 | budgerigar; green | *pal̯a.ra |
| 165 | kangaroo, red | *palca.ri |
| 166 | winding; zigzag | *paḷin.paḷin; paḷi.paḷi |
| 167 | creek bank; sandhill | *pan̯t̯a |
| 168 | point of shoulder | *parka.Ra |
| 169 | long time | *paru.Ra |
| 170 | kneecap; pestle | *paru.Ru |
| 171 | blow; hit | *pata-(R-)- |
| 172 | feather | *paṭu¹ |
| 173 | turkey | *paṭu.ra |
| 174 | green | *pil̯u |
| 175 | grasshopper | *pinpi.la |
| 176 | star | *pinti.ri |
| 177 | food | *piṇṭu |
| 178 | afternoon | *piri.ŋka |
| 179 | thirsty | *piya |
| 180 | ax | *pulpur |
| 181 | smoke | *puḷkuṇ |
| 182 | ahead; first | *puḷu.Ra |
| 183 | deep; hole | *puṇṭa |
| 184 | full of holes | *puṇṭa-puṇṭa |
| 185 | by-and-by | *purpa |
| 186 | hairstring | *puru.Ru |
| 187 | sea | *puRi.ya |
| 188 | head | *put̯a |
| 189 | chest | *puṭu |
| 190 | hit | *t̯a-(L)- |
| 191 | rib | *t̯ampi |
| 192 | food; greedy | *t̯apat̯a |
| 193 | send | *t̯aya-(L)- |
| 194 | spear it | *t̯uukut̯a-(L)- |
| 195 | head | *t̯uRu |
| 196 | big | *t̯uta |
| 197 | wind | *t̯uṭa |
| 198 | kangaroo rat | *wacu.wara |
| 199 | opossum | *walki |
| 200 | heel | *waḷa¹ |
| 201 | lie (prevaricate) | *waḷa.waŋka- |
| 202 | lightning | *waḷi.piṭi |
| 203 | womb | *waḷka |
| 204 | snake | *waḷu |
| 205 | long | *wana.ra |
| 206 | bee | *wanpa.Ri |
| 207 | tree | *waṇṭa |
| 208 | fat; grease | *waṇṭu; ŋaṇṭu |
| 209 | hear | *wañapa.ri- |
| 210 | dog | *wañca |
| 211 | throat | *waŋkar |
| 212 | crow | *waŋki.ṇa |
| 213 | eaglehawk | *wari.ṭa |
| 214 | far | *warpa |
| 215 | black; night | *waru |
| 216 | ghost; spirit | *waru.ka |
| 217 | night | *waru-kaṭi |
| 218 | morning; tomorrow | *waru-ŋka-mu |
| 219 | flying fox | *waRa.muru.ŋka |
| 220 | yoke | *wiḷka.Ra |
| 221 | many | *win̯t̯a |
| 222 | run | *winpa- |
| 223 | wind | *wirpi |
| 224 | saliva; spit | *wit̯a |
| 225 | see | *wiya-(L)- |
| 226 | thigh | *wulu |
| 227 | south; west | *wuḷu.cu |
| 228 | river | *wuntu |
| 229 | tongue | *yal̯u.Ru |
| 230 | lick | *yal̯u-ṇṭa-(L)- |
| 231 | weak | *yalu.yalu |
| 232 | sun | *yaṇṭa |
| 233 | far | *yarka |
| 234 | alone; one | *yika |
| 235 | itch | *yimil.cari- |
| 236 | rain | *yuŋu |
| 237 | hair of head | *yurkuṇ |
| 238 | *maŋa | |
| 301 | rubbish | **cala |
| 302 | soon | **campa |
| 303 | lame; thigh | **canta |
| 304 | old woman | **caṇṭi.Ra |
| 305 | three | **carku.ṭi |
| 306 | blind; old woman | **caṭa |
| 307 | egg | **cimpu |
| 308 | fat; grease | **cinci |
| 309 | Willy Wagtail | **ciri.ciri |
| 310 | smoke | **cukuṇ |
| 311 | old man | **culu |
| 312 | ashes | **cuṇpa |
| 313 | brother, older | **kaca |
| 314 | mother’s brother | **kaka |
| 315 | fire; tree | **kaḷa |
| 316 | creek; root | **kaḷka |
| 317 | empty; hungry | **kamu |
| 318 | mother’s mother | **kan̯t̯a.ri |
| 319 | cry; tears | **kaṇṭa- |
| 320 | skin | **kaṇu |
| 321 | have; hold; keep | **kañi-(L)- |
| 322 | father’s mother | **kapa.ḷi |
| 323 | butterfly | **kapa.ḷi.pa.ḷi |
| 324 | skin | **kapuṇ |
| 325 | summer; sun | **karpu |
| 326 | kookaburra | **karu.palkan |
| 327 | bitter; salt | **kaRi |
| 328 | pierce | **kaṭa-(L)- |
| 329 | cheek; jaw; temple | **kaṭa.Ra |
| 330 | one | **kaya.nu |
| 331 | come here! | **kuka.yi |
| 332 | ear | **kuli.Ra |
| 333 | hear | **kuli.ya-(L)- |
| 334 | louse | **kulu |
| 335 | ear | **kuḷka |
| 336 | hair of head | **kuḷku.Ra |
| 337 | narrow | **kuḷpaṇ |
| 338 | hot; summer | **kuḷu |
| 339 | face | **kumpa |
| 340 | smoke | **kuṇku |
| 341 | daughter | **kuṇṭal |
| 342 | milk | **kuṇṭu² |
| 343 | one | **kuñci |
| 344 | dew | **kupi.la |
| 345 | small | **kupu |
| 346 | Pleiades | **kuri.kuri |
| 347 | south | **kuRi.la |
| 348 | short | **kuta |
| 349 | dead | **kutu |
| 350 | now; today | **kuwa.ri |
| 351 | tired; weak | **mal̯il.cari- |
| 352 | middle | **mal̯u |
| 353 | middle digit/sibling | **mal̯u.ṭa |
| 354 | sick | **mala.ra |
| 355 | hard | **mankar |
| 356 | meat | **mantu |
| 357 | buttocks; excrement | **maṇa |
| 358 | mark | **maṇi |
| 359 | stone | **maṇṭa |
| 360 | nest | **maŋka |
| 361 | doctor | **mapaṇ.kara |
| 362 | brother, younger | **marka.Ra |
| 363 | many | **maRu |
| 364 | right hand | **maya |
| 365 | egg; testicles | **mica |
| 366 | blood | **mici |
| 367 | ant, black | **miŋa |
| 368 | branch | **miRi |
| 369 | big | **mita.ḷi |
| 370 | no, not | **miṭa |
| 371 | old man | **miṭa.n̯a |
| 372 | dingo; dog | **muci |
| 373 | cooked; dead; meat; ripe | **mula |
| 374 | pregnant | **muḷku |
| 375 | cold; winter | **mut̯u |
| 376 | cool; evening | **mut̯u-mut̯u |
| 377 | run | **muṭi- |
| 378 | this | **n̯aˑ |
| 379 | cold | **n̯aka |
| 380 | nape | **n̯anka |
| 381 | mouth | **n̯ara |
| 382 | ankle; elbow | **n̯uku |
| 383 | dead | **n̯uṇṭi¹ |
| 384 | this | **n̯uṭu; n̯uṇu |
| 385 | slow | **ñaṇi |
| 386 | rib | **ñimi |
| 387 | we du excl | **ŋali.ya |
| 388 | belly | **ŋaḷu |
| 389 | neck | **ŋal̞i |
| 390 | a sore | **ŋaṇṭa |
| 391 | we pl incl | **ŋañcu |
| 392 | mother | **ŋaŋka |
| 393 | lie (recline) | **ŋari; ŋarpi- |
| 394 | person | **ŋaya.ṭa |
| 395 | he; that | **ŋun̯a; ŋun̯al; ŋun̯u |
| 396 | armpit | **ŋuna |
| 397 | he; that | **ŋuṇa |
| 398 | arm, lower | **paci |
| 399 | formerly | **pala |
| 400 | he; that | **palu; paṇu- |
| 401 | clear space; plain | **paḷka.ra |
| 402 | sky | **paḷpar |
| 403 | cliff; creek bank; stone | **paḷu |
| 404 | sit; stay | **panti- |
| 405 | sit | **paṇi- |
| 406 | water | **papa |
| 407 | shiver | **para.para.ri- |
| 408 | leaf | **parka |
| 409 | star | **paṭa.Ra |
| 410 | dry; river | **picu |
| 411 | marrow | **piḷpu |
| 412 | clitoris; vagina | **pila |
| 413 | red | **pila.ri |
| 414 | saw; scrape; strike (a match) | **pirpi-(L)- |
| 415 | cockatoo, white | **piṭi.ra |
| 416 | heart | **pula.ṭa |
| 417 | tobacco plug | **puḷku |
| 418 | desirous | **puḷpi |
| 419 | go | **puni- |
| 420 | dew; rainbow | **puñcan |
| 421 | four; three | **purku |
| 422 | heart | **puRi |
| 423 | sandhill | **puwa.ḷa |
| 424 | pet; tame; totem | **t̯alu |
| 425 | food | **t̯a.nuwa |
| 426 | enter; set | **t̯arpa- |
| 427 | bury; closed | **t̯aṭa.(S)-(L)- |
| 428 | fruit; sweet food | **t̯uku.ṭa |
| 429 | small | **t̯umpa |
| 430 | anus | **t̯umpu |
| 431 | laugh | **t̯uṇi- |
| 432 | down (inside); inside | **t̯uṇu.ŋka |
| 433 | ground | **t̯uŋka |
| 434 | correct; honest; straight; true/truth | **t̯urkuḷ |
| 435 | snake | **t̯uru |
| 436 | sister, older | **t̯uṭu |
| 437 | return; turn | **waka.ṭa.ri- |
| 438 | armpit | **waku |
| 439 | crow | **waˑku.ra |
| 440 | leaf; lungs | **wal̯aṇ |
| 441 | eaglehawk | **waḷa.ṭu |
| 442 | spearthrower | **waḷpa.ra |
| 443 | bad | **wali |
| 444 | alive; half-cooked; raw; uncooked | **wanka |
| 445 | elbow; mill, upper | **waṇku |
| 446 | hit | **waṇpi-(L)- |
| 447 | penis; tail | **waṇṭi |
| 448 | healthy; well | **wapa |
| 449 | grass | **warapa |
| 450 | fly (insect) | **wara.Ri |
| 451 | look for | **wat̯a.ri- |
| 452 | east; north | **waṭaḷ |
| 453 | woman | **waṭi.ra |
| 454 | fear; frighten | **waya.(S)-(L)- |
| 455 | moon | **wila.ra |
| 456 | cut | **wiṇṭa-(L)- |
| 457 | full | **wiña |
| 458 | play | **wiri.(S)- |
| 459 | climb | **wiṭa- |
| 460 | shield | **wuṇṭa |
| 461 | emu | **yali.piri |
| 462 | log; winnowing dish; yandying dish | **yanti |
| 463 | north; west | **yapul |
| 464 | north; sea breeze; west; westward | **yapu.ru |
| 465 | by-and-by | **yaṭi |
| 466 | now; today | **yica-la |
| 467 | new | **yica-ŋuRu |
| 468 | name | **yini |
| 469 | charcoal | **yinka |
| 470 | ashes | **yipa |
| 471 | afternoon | **yuka |
| 472 | dog | **yuku.ru |
| 473 | camp; ground | **yuḷu |
| 474 | noon; summer; sun | **yura |
| 601 | left hand | **campu |
| 602 | beard | **capu.ṭa |
| 603 | foot | **cina |
| 604 | east | **kaka.ra |
| 605 | burn | **kampa- |
| 606 | above; up | **kanka |
| 607 | fish | **kapi |
| 608 | stand | **kari- |
| 609 | urine | **kumpu |
| 610 | excrement | **kuna |
| 611 | spear | **kurca.ṭa |
| 612 | eye; seed | **kuRu |
| 613 | bone | **kut̯i |
| 614 | father | **mama |
| 615 | buttocks; hipbone | **mila |
| 616 | nose | **minta |
| 617 | clever; knowing | **mi.ṇu |
| 618 | spearthrower | **miru |
| 619 | face; nose | **mul̯a |
| 620 | eat | **muŋka-(L)- |
| 621 | anthill | **muŋku |
| 622 | spouse | **n̯upa |
| 623 | sit | **ñina- |
| 624 | drink; eat | **ŋa-(L)- |
| 625 | what; who | **ŋana |
| 626 | we pl excl | **ŋana.ṇa |
| 627 | what; who | **ŋani |
| 628 | beard | **ŋaṇka |
| 629 | cry | **ŋat̯i- |
| 630 | mother | **ŋat̯i |
| 631 | throw | **ŋayi-(L)- |
| 632 | fire | **ŋuca |
| 633 | camp | **ŋura |
| 634 | bite; drink; eat | **paca-(L)- |
| 635 | blind; sleep | **pampu |
| 636 | smell | **paṇṭi-(L)- |
| 637 | spinifex | **paRu |
| 638 | breast; mother | **pipi |
| 639 | bad; fire; rotten | **puka |
| 640 | drink; swim | **pun̯t̯a-(L)- |
| 641 | fall | **puŋka- |
| 642 | pull | **puri-(L)- |
| 643 | fire | **t̯ama |
| 644 | mouth | **t̯aRa |
| 645 | eye | **t̯uḷa |
| 646 | where | **wan̯t̯a |
| 647 | leave it; put | **wan̯t̯a-(R)- |
| 648 | fall | **waṇi- |
| 649 | language | **waŋka |
| 650 | speak | **waŋka- |
| 651 | east | **yacu |
| 652 | alike | **yiñca.Ra |
| 653 | path; road | **yiṭi.ya |
| 701 | two | **kut̯a.ra |
| 702 | pick it up; take | **ma-(N)- |
| 703 | hand | **maRa |
| 704 | see | **n̯a.ku- |
| 705 | you | **ñin.ta |
| 706 | you du | **ñu.palu; ñum.palu |
| 707 | you pl | **ŋu.ra |
| 708 | we du incl | **ŋa.li |
| 709 | I | **ŋa.yi; ŋa.t̯a |
| 710 | hit | **pu-(NG)- |
| 711 | tongue | **t̯a.lañ |
| 712 | go | **ya-(N)- |
| 713 | mouth; tooth | **yira |
| 714 | give | **yu-(NG)- |
| 801 | sun | **ciṇṭu |
| 802 | nape | **ciṭan |
| 803 | foot | **cuka.ra |
| 804 | moon | **curki.ṭa |
| 805 | emu | **kacalpu |
| 806 | smoke | **kacu |
| 807 | north; northeast | **kanim.para |
| 808 | wind | **kaṇa.ra |
| 809 | wrinkle | **kaṇpi |
| 810 | dog | **kapa.ḷa |
| 811 | west | **kaRa |
| 812 | hard; slip | **kaRar |
| 813 | far | **kat̯a |
| 814 | man; person; wife; woman | **kaṭu |
| 815 | egg; testicles | **kukul |
| 816 | one; together | **kuma |
| 817 | bone | **kuñca |
| 818 | asleep | **kupa.l̯a |
| 819 | magpie | **kurpa.ṭuṭu |
| 820 | eyeball; pupil | **kuRu.r |
| 821 | alone; ebb tide; lonely; one; sea | **kut̯u.ŋuru |
| 822 | head | **maka |
| 823 | long | **maka.nu |
| 824 | shade | **malu |
| 825 | return | **maḷa.ki- |
| 826 | man; person | **maḷpa |
| 827 | give; hand | **mañar.ka |
| 828 | sacred stones | **mapaṇ |
| 829 | snake | **mil̯u.Ra |
| 830 | chest | **mirpu |
| 831 | cloud; mislaid | **mucu |
| 832 | knee | **muṭi |
| 833 | tail | **n̯uṇṭi² |
| 834 | kill | **n̯uṇṭi¹-ma-(L)- |
| 835 | nose | **ñiŋku.ḷu |
| 836 | crazy; forget; heedless | **ŋawaṇ |
| 837 | moon; shine | **pan̯a-(L)- |
| 838 | head; reef | **paṇa |
| 839 | hot | **parpa |
| 840 | one; other | **paṭu² |
| 841 | cave; hole; mountain; star; stone | **piḷi |
| 842 | shine; twinkle | **pinpa- |
| 843 | beach; sand, white | **piṇṭi.Ri |
| 844 | a sore | **pita |
| 845 | eye; star | **piṭa |
| 846 | bend; stoop | **pupa- |
| 847 | smoke; spinifex | **puyu |
| 848 | carry; grasp; hand; take | **t̯aka-(L)- |
| 849 | mother’s father | **t̯ami |
| 850 | they | **t̯ana |
| 851 | tremble | **t̯ankaṇ.ki.ci- |
| 852 | far; sea | **t̯aṇa |
| 853 | back; carry on the back | **t̯aṇa- |
| 854 | leave it; put | **t̯u-(N)- |
| 855 | grave | **t̯uŋka.Ri |
| 856 | dog | **t̯ut̯u |
| 857 | push | **t̯ut̯u-(L)- |
| 858 | animal; fish; meat; snake | **waka.Ri |
| 859 | egg | **waḷa² |
| 860 | wind | **waḷpa |
| 861 | chest | **waṇkaṇ |
| 862 | hair of head | **warka.Ri |
| 863 | forehead | **waṭa |
| 864 | no, not; nothing | **waya |
| 865 | sinew; string | **wici |
| 866 | wind | **win̯t̯u |
| 867 | drink; water | **wula |
| 868 | sun; woman | **yaka.ra.ŋu |
| 869 | shield | **yara |
| 870 | sky | **yilka.Ri |
| 871 | elbow | **yiḷku |
| 872 | sharp; sharpen | **yiRi |
| 873 | foot; heel; metatarsus | **yuku |
| Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages |
|---|
| Papuan |
|
p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep |
| Australian |
|
North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda |
| Others |
|
p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Bonda • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan |