User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Proto-Berber/Very good reconstructions

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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Here I put the reconstructions of Van Putten's 2019 paper which I judge very good. Theoretically, these are ready to become actual PB entries on wiki.

Useful

Appendix:Berber Swadesh lists

Language codes correspondences

Van Putten : Wiktionary

  • sus. : shi
  • cab. : kab
  • che., chen. : cnu
  • nef. : jbn
  • ber., tam. : tzm
  • auy., awy. : auj
  • fig. : Ø
  • gad. : gha
  • siw. : siz
  • cha. : shy
  • rif. : rif
  • mez. : mzb
  • gua., guar. : Ø
  • cen. (what?) : Ø
  • zen. : zen
  • izn. : Ø
  • tu. : tmh
  • tu. ah., tu. aha., aha. : thv
  • tu. tan., tu. ad. : taq
  • tu. ul. : ttq
  • tu. ay. : thz
  • sen. : sjs
  • zua. : ber-zuw
  • Timimún : Ø
  • Ghomara : gho
  • Ghat (as Gat) : tmh-ght
  • seg. : Ø
  • foc. : ber-fog
  • (Mzab-Wargla: Figuig, Mzab, Wargla)

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Moroccan Amazigh:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Northwest Moroccan:
      • Ghomara:
      • Senhaja De Srair:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig
      • Ayt Seghrouchen
      • Ayt ~Warain
      • Ayt Iznasen
    • Algerian:
      • Tachawit:
      • Northwestern:
        • Chenoua:
        • Beni Snus
        • Beni Menacer
        • Metmata
      • Northern Saharan Berber: (Mzab, Ouargla)
      • Guraga (Timinun)
    • Eastern Zenati:
      • Jerba
      • Tunisian Berber: (Duiret, Tamezret, Sened, Guelala), Guazin (Libya)
      • Zuwara:
      • Jefren
      • Libyan:
        • Sokna:
        • Fogaha:
      • Siwi:
  • Tuareg:
    • Tamahaq: (Ahaggar)
    • Tamasheq: (Adagh, Taneslemt)
    • Tamajaq:
      • Tawellemmet:
      • Tayert:
      • Tudalt
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "tmh-ght" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. (and Janet?)
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
    • Ghadames:
    • Nefusa:
  • Awjila:
  • Eastern:
    • Tetserret:
    • Zenaga:
  • Para-Berber:
    • Guanche:
    • Numidian:

Ashes

Noun

*eɣəd m

  1. ashes, ash

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit: iɣed
      • Figuig: iɣəd
  • Tuareg: eẓəd
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 254, 265

Beard

Noun

*ta-ʔmar-t or *ta-ʔ(V̆)mar-t f (plural *ti-ʔ(V̆)mir-ă/aʔ)

  1. beard

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 297

Amazigh

Etymology

Possibly connected to a root *z-ɣ.

Noun

*a-maziɣ m (plural *i-maziɣ-ăn, feminine *ta-maziɣ-t, feminine plural *ti-maziɣ-en)

  1. Berber, Amazigh
  2. free man, free woman

Note

This word is considered as Pan-Berber, i.e. almost all Berber languages share this word.

Derived terms

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
  • Zenati:
  • Pan-Berber: amaziɣ

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 227, 292, 301

Bird

Noun

*a-ǵăḍiḍ m

  1. bird

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 251, 300

Bull

Noun

*a-funas m (feminine *ta-funas-t)

  1. bull

Note

Considered Pan-Berber.

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 299, 301

To burn

Etymology

From the same root as *eɣəd. From earlier *ăwqəd, from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *waqada (to burn), see Arabic وَقَدَ (waqada) and Classical Syriac ܝܩܕܐ.

Verb

*ăqqəd

  1. to burn

Derived terms

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 286

Cow

Noun

*ta-funas-t f (masculine *a-funas)

  1. cow

Note

Considered Pan-Berber.

Descendants

Death

Etymology

From the same root as *ămmut.

Noun

*ta-măttan-t f

  1. death

Descendants

  • Pan-Berber: taməttant

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300

To die

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *mawVt- (to die, to kill). Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mawut-, Egyptian mwt and Hausa mutù.

Verb

*ămmut

  1. to die

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 285

Dog

Noun

*a-ydiʔ m (plural *i-yəḍ-an) < *i-yədʔ-an

  1. dog

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 256

Ear

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic, with metathesis. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- and Egyptian sḏm.

Noun

*a-məzzuɣ (plural *i-mŭzǵ-an)

  1. ear

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 252-253

Earth

Etymology

Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *ḥaḳl- (field).

Noun

*a-ʔḱal m (plural *i-ʔḱall-ăn, construct state *wă-ʔḱal, plural construct state *yə-ʔḱall-ăn)

  1. earth, land

Declension

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
  • Tuareg: ăkal
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Eastern:

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 278

Esparto

Noun

*aβV̆ri m

  1. (Stipa tenacissima) esparto (species of North African grass)

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 272

Flour

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Unknown. Perhaps related to Arabic بُرّ (burr) or Latin farīna.

Noun

*a-βV̆rn m (construct state *wă-βV̆rn)

  1. flour

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 272, 300

To give

Verb

*ăβkəʔ (imperfect *əβăḱḱăʔ) or əβăkkăʔ

  1. to give

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Figuig: wəš, imperfect ttič (< *ič)
    • Algerian:
      • Northern Saharan Berber: , imperfect ttiš (Ouargla), , imperfect ttiš (Mzab)
  • Tuareg: ăkf, imperfect hăkk (with metathesis)

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 270, 272

Hand

Alternative reconstruction

Noun

*a-fuʔs m (plural *i-fʔass-ăn)

  1. hand

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 259, 277, 294

Noun

*aɣăf m (plural *aɣăf-iw-ăn)

  1. head

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 296

Heart

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *lib-, with metathesis. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *libb- and Egyptian jb.[1]

Noun

*ulβ m (plural *ulβ-aw-ăn, construct state *w-ulβ, plural construct state *w-ulβ-aw-ăn)

  1. heart

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 31
  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 273, 291, 296

Horn

Etymology

Perhaps related to *esḱăr (nail).

Noun

*isəḱ m

  1. horn

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 248

King

Noun

*a-ǵăllid

  1. king

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 251, 293

Knee

Etymology

Likely from Proto-Afroasiatic. Compare Egyptian pꜣḏ.

Noun

*a-ʔfud m (plural *i-ʔfadd-ăn)

  1. knee

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 294

To learn

Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Punic ‎*𐤋‎𐤌‎𐤃‎‎‎ (‎*l‎m‎d‎‎‎), though the Punic word is not directly attested. Compare Hebrew למד.[1]

Verb

*lmd (aorist *ắlməd, perfect *əlmắd, imperfect *əlắmmăd)

  1. to learn

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵍⵎⴷ (lmd)
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
    • Eastern Zenati:
      • Zuwara: ə́lməd (aorist), perfect əlmə́d, imperfect ələ́mməd
  • Tuareg: lmd, aorist əlməd (negation: wăr ilmed), perfect əlmăd, imperfect əlămmăd
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
    • Ghadames: ắlməd (aorist), perfect əlmắd, imperfect əlắmmăd ; əlmed (he learnt, perf.), ak ilmed (he did not learn, perf.)

References

  1. ^ Blažek, Václav (2014) “Phoenician/Punic loans in Berber languages and their role in chronology of Berber”, in Folia Orientalia, volume 51, pages 276–293
  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 265, 274

Lion

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic, with metathesis. CompareProto-Semitic *ʔarway- and Egyptian rw.[1]

Reconstruction notes

Mention Herodotus & "βόρυες" (Histories, IV, 192) here.

https://el.m.wikisource.orghttps://dictious.com/en/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%B9_(%CE%97%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85)/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7#192.2

Noun

*a-βăʔr m

  1. lion

Descendants

  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Eastern:

References

  1. ^ Takács, Gábor (1999–2007) Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, →ISBN
  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 280

Man

Etymology

Unrelated to Arabic رَجُل (rajul).

Noun

*a-răgaz m

  1. man (adult male human)
  2. husband

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300

Milk

Noun

*aɣəβ m

  1. milk

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit: aɣi
      • Figuig: aɣi
    • Eastern Zenati:

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 271

Moon

Noun

*a-ʔyur m

  1. moon
  2. (by extension) month

Notes

The semantic extension from "moon" to "month" is comparable to those of Proto-Semitic *warḫ-, Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s and Proto-Japonic *tukuy, since the moon's orbital period was used for defining a month.

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 277

Nail

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

From earlier *a-sḱăr, the initial *a- being kept in the plural. Perhaps related to *isəḱ (horn).

Noun

*esḱăr m (plural *asḱar-ăn)

  1. nail

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 248, 268, 294

Night

Noun

*eβăḍ m

  1. night

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⴹ (iḍ)
      • Tashelhit: iḍ
    • Kabyle: iḍ
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig: iḍ
    • Algerian:
      • Northern Saharan Berber: iḍ (Mzab and Ouargla)
  • Tuareg: ehăḍ
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Awjila: ivəṭ
  • Eastern:

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 265, 269

Shoulder

Noun

*a-ɣirβ m

  1. shoulder

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 254, 273

Smoke

Noun

*a-ʔ(V̆)βu m

  1. smoke

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
  • Tuareg: ăho
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Awjila: avú
  • Eastern:
    • Zenaga: oʔbih (/⁠aʔbə⁠/)

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 272, 277

Stone

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic. Compare Proto-Semitic *ʔabn-.

Noun

*ta-ʔ(V̆)βun-t f

  1. stone

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
    • Algerian:
      • Northern Saharan Berber: twunt (sort of wooden mortar) (Mzab)
  • Tuareg: təhunt
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
    • Ghadames: oʔβənt (stone ball to grind grains)
  • Eastern:
    • Zenaga: tuʔnt (/⁠təʔnt⁠/, anvil)

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 273, 277

Sun

Noun

*ta-ʔfuḱ-t f

  1. sun

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 277

To take

Verb

*aβəɣ

  1. to take

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵖ (), ⴰⵅ (ax)
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Ayt Iznasen: aɣ
  • Tuareg: ahăɣ
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 270

Tongue

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *lis-. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *lišān-, Egyptian ns,[1] and Proto-Chadic *ls, whence Hausa harshè.

Noun

*iləs m (plural *il(ə)s-aw-ăn, construct state *yiləs, plural construct state *yiləs-aw-ăn)

  1. tongue

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 31
  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 291, 296

Wool

Noun

*ta-ʔḍuβ-t f

  1. wool

Descendants

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 271, 277

Sense

Etymology

POS

*head

  1. ]

Descendants

  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig:
      • Ayt Seghrouchen:
      • Ayt Iznasen:
    • Algerian:
      • Northwestern:
        • Chenoua:
      • Northern Saharan Berber: (Mzab, Ouargla)
    • Eastern Zenati:
      • Zuwara:
      • Siwi:
  • Tuareg:
    • Tamahaq: (Ahaggar)
    • Tamasheq: (Adagh, Taneslemt)
    • Tamajaq:
      • Tawellemmet:
      • Tayert:
      • Tudalt:
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "tmh-ght" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. (and Janet?)
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
    • Ghadames:
    • Nefusa:
  • Awjila:
  • Eastern:
    • Zenaga:
  • Para-Berber:
    • Guanche:
    • Numidian:

References

  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN