Wiktionary:Semantic relations
There are several different kinds of semantic relations and at least the following ones are relevant to Wiktionary. Terms that are semantically related to a given term can be included both at the term’s page and at a Thesaurus page.
| Relation | Description | Section |
|---|---|---|
| Synonymy | Each listed synonym denotes the same as this entry. | ====Synonyms==== |
| Antonymy | Each listed antonym denotes the opposite of this entry. | ====Antonyms==== |
| Hypernymy | Each listed hypernym is superordinate to this entry; this entry’s referent is a kind of that denoted by listed hypernym. | ====Hypernyms==== |
| Hyponymy | Each listed hyponym is subordinate to this entry; each listed hyponym’s referent is a kind of that denoted by this entry. | ====Hyponyms==== |
| Meronymy | Each listed meronym denotes part of this entry’s referent. | ====Meronyms==== |
| Holonymy | Each listed holonym has this entry’s referent as a part of itself; this entry’s referent is part of that of each listed holonym. | ====Holonyms==== |
| Comeronymy | Each listed comeronym shares this entry's referent as a holonym with another word or phrase. | ====Comeronyms==== |
| Troponymy | Each listed troponym denotes a particular way to do this entry’s referent. | ====Troponyms==== |
| Parasynonymy | Each listed parasynonym shares similar meanings with this entry's referent in some contexts, but not all. | ====Parasynonyms==== |
| Coordinate term | Each listed coordinate term shares a hypernym with this entry. | ====Coordinate terms==== |
| Otherwise related | Each listed “otherwise related” term semantically relates to this entry. | ====See also==== |
Synonymy
- Definition: Each listed synonym denotes the same as this entry.
- The equivalence may be less than perfect (cognitive synonymy) but should pass the practical test that "often when people say X they are referring to a thing that term Y also often refers to"; this may exclude some parasynonyms, but this test allows for some variability in what "not everyone considers to be wholly differentiated."
- Properties: symmetric and reflexive
- Section:
====Synonyms====
Synonymy is a symmetric and reflexive relation.
Examples
- comely and attractive are synonyms
- sick and ill are synonyms
- pocketable and pocket-sized are synonyms even though some edge cases may exist in which they are differentiable; synonym in a work such as Wiktionary does not imply solely cognitive synonymy
- Many dictionaries and thesauri use a loose sense of the word synonym that includes anything somewhat close in meaning (including hypernyms, hyponyms, coordinate terms, and parasynonyms).
- As this page demonstrates, Wiktionary aspires to use a more precise sense of the word synonym, not as strict as cognitive synonymy alone but also not as loose as the traditional hodgepodge that many works use. Thus, for example, hypernyms and hyponyms are best marked as such, not as synonyms. (WordNet is another example of a project that uses this precision.)
- Use your best judgment about whether to call a term a synonym versus a parasynonym (near-synonym). The result will be close enough, and someone else can easily refine it later if they see a need.
- Many dictionaries and thesauri use a loose sense of the word synonym that includes anything somewhat close in meaning (including hypernyms, hyponyms, coordinate terms, and parasynonyms).
{{synonym of|en|ill}}produces Synonym of ill{{sense|unwell of health}}produces (unwell of health):, useful for disambiguating between synonyms for a partial sense.
Usage
====Synonyms====
* {{l|en|synonym}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
There is also another method to show synonyms, under each definition sense (inline); see it at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Synonyms. A template facilitates it (template:synonyms). Similar templates exist for most other relations as well (template:antonyms, template:coordinate terms, template:parasynonyms, and so on).
Antonymy
- Definition: Each listed antonym denotes the opposite of this entry.
- Properties: symmetric
- Section:
====Antonyms==== - Template:
{{antonyms}}, as an alternative to listing synonyms in a separate section.
Antonymy is a symmetric relation.
Examples
Usage
====Antonyms====
* {{l|en|antonym}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
Hypernymy
- Definition: Each listed hypernym is superordinate to this entry. This entry’s referent is (one of) the kind(s) of things each hypernym refers to.
- Properties: transitive
- Section:
====Hypernyms====
Hypernymy is a transitive relation.
Examples
- animal is a hypernym of mammal (mammals are animals); mammal is a hypernym of dog (dogs are mammals)
- plant is a hypernym of flower which is a hypernym of tulip
- red is a hypernym of scarlet, vermilion, carmine and crimson
Usage
====Hypernyms====
* {{l|en|hypernym}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
Hyponymy
- Definition: Each listed hyponym is subordinate to this entry. Each hyponym refers to a specific kind of the thing described by this entry.
- Properties: transitive
- Section:
====Hyponyms====
Hyponymy is a transitive relation.
Examples
- dog is a hyponym of mammal (dogs are among the various animals which are mammals); mammal is a hyponym of animal
- tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant
- scarlet, vermilion, carmine and crimson are hyponyms of red
Usage
====Hyponyms====
* {{l|en|hyponym}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
Meronymy
- Definition: Each listed meronym denotes part of this entry’s referent.
- Properties: transitive
- Section:
====Meronyms====
Meronymy is a transitive relation.
Examples
- bark is a meronym of tree (bark is part of what makes up a tree); tree is a meronym of forest
- elbow is a meronym of arm which is a meronym of body
Usage
====Meronyms====
* {{l|en|meronym}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
Holonymy
- Definition: Each listed holonym has this entry’s referent as a part of itself; this entry’s referent is part of each listed holonym.
- Properties: transitive
- Section:
====Holonyms====
Holonymy is a transitive relation.
Examples
- forest is a holonym of tree (forests contain trees); tree is a holonym of bark
- body is a holonym of arm which is a holonym of elbow
Usage
====Holonyms====
* {{l|en|holonym}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
Troponymy
- Definition: Each listed troponym denotes a particular way to do this entry’s referent.
- Properties: transitive
- Section:
====Troponyms====
Troponymy is a transitive relation.
Examples
- to trim and to slice are troponyms of to cut
- to slide and to spin are troponyms of to move
- to snack and to nibble are troponyms of to eat
Usage
====Troponyms====
* {{l|en|troponym}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
Coordinate term
- Definition: Each listed coordinate term shares a hypernym with this entry. Coordinate terms name the various fellow kinds of a thing. They are thus also called cohyponyms.
- Properties: symmetric and reflexive
- Section:
====Coordinate terms==== - Template:
{{coordinate terms}}, as an alternative to listing coordinate terms in a separate section.
Most coordinate terms should not be added to this section. They should be added to categories instead. Only words that don’t belong in any other sections and are strongly related should be here. In other words, this section is only for the cardinal ones, not for an exhaustive list of all the ones that exist.
Examples
- man and woman are coordinate terms since they share various hypernyms, from the most obvious (for example, human, person, adult) to others (for example, vertebrate, mammal, resident)
- Frenchman and Englishman are coordinate terms since they share various hypernyms, from the most obvious (for example, human, nationality, person) to others (for example, vertebrate, mammal, resident)
- cat and dog are coordinate terms since they share several hypernyms, including pet, animal, mammal, and vertebrate
- maple, pine, and walnut (in the senses of those words referring to kinds of tree) are fellow kinds of trees; they share the hypernym tree, which in turn has a hypernym plant, which in turn has a hypernym organism.
Usage
]
- or
====Coordinate terms====
* {{l|en|coordinate term}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
Otherwise related
- Definition: Each listed “otherwise related” term semantically relates to this entry.
- Section:
====See also====
If the semantic relation is none of the above (such as, for example, plesionymic, such that it is partially overlapping on a semantic field but with important distinctions), or if you don't know exactly how a word is semantically related to the word defined by the entry you are editing, please add it to this section. However, since almost all words are semantically related to each other on some (sufficiently remote) abstract level, please use your own judgement on whether somebody possibly would find it useful.
A representative example of a pair of words whose semantic relation to each other is clear and is relevant, but they are not synonymous (or synonymous only in the loosest sense of that term), is nonexpert and amateur: usually the two concepts are coinstantiated, which makes them clearly and relevantly semantically related, but the other instances in which they are not coinstantiated, and their perennial potential not to be coinstantiated, have practical importance, so it is reasonable not to call them synonyms but rather to place them in "see also" position.
Other relevant pages on Wiktionary can also be linked here, such as appendices and categories.
Note: For any links to external sites, including sister projects like Wikipedia, use the section ====Further reading==== (see this vote).
Usage
====See also====
* {{l|en|related term}} (allows language-specific link)
* ] (also acceptable)
Note that for etymologically related words (in the same language), the header ====Related terms==== should be used – see Wiktionary:Etymology.
See also
- Wiktionary:Related terms (etymologically related; often but not necessarily also semantically related)
- Wiktionary:Thesaurus
- Wiktionary:Entry layout
- Wiktionary:Sample entry
- Wiktionary:Forms and spellings