keras

keras

1. inessive singular of kera

From Malay keras, from Classical Malay keras, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /kəˈras/
• Rhymes: -as
• Syllabification: ke‧ras

kêras (comparative lebih keras, superlative paling keras)

1. hard,
   1. (of material) resistant to pressure

      Roti itu terlalu keras untuk dipotong.

      That bread is too hard to cut

      Synonym: kuat

   2. (figurative) demanding a lot of effort to endure

      Ia baru menyadari kerasnya kehidupan ― He just realized how hard life is

      Synonyms: pelik, sulit, susah

      Antonyms: gampang, mudah

   3. (figurative) severe, harsh

      kata-kata keras ― harsh words

      Antonym: lembut

   4. (of drugs, figurative) having a high concentration of an essential or active ingredient; strong

      Obat keras. ― Hard drugs.

   5. (of a man, figurative) having an erect penis; erect

      Synonyms: bangun, ereksi, tegang

      Antonyms: lembek, loyo, tidur

2. strong
   1. (of wind, figurative) having a lot of power

      Synonyms: cepat, kencang

      Antonym: pelan

   2. (of disease or symptom, figurative) very bad or intense; severe

      Ia sakit keras ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

      Synonyms: parah, payah

      Antonym: ringan

   3. (figurative) having an offensive or intense odor
3. (material state) rigid; firm; stiff

   Ototnya sangat keras dan alot. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Antonym: lembut

4. (of foods, figurative) difficult to cut or chew; tough

   Synonyms: kenyal, liat

5. (figurative) likely to use physical force; violent

   Ia menarik secara keras kedua tangan anaknya yang menangis meronta-ronta ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Synonym: kuat

   Antonym: pelan

6. (of a sound, figurative) of great intensity; loud

   Suaranya sangat keras sehingga menggangu orang lain. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Synonyms: kuat, nyaring

   Antonyms: lembut, pelan

7. (of water current, figurative) moving with great speed; fast

   Synonym: deras

8. (of rainfall, figurative) very heavy
9. (of opinion, figurative) fixed
10. (of price, figurative) with speed; in a rapid manner; rapidly
11. (of cigarettes, figurative) likely cause dizziness

    Synonym: berat

    Antonym: ringan

12. strong, strict and seriously

• “keras” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

From Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)er(H)-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *kory (“root”) and Latvian cȩrs (“bush, knotty root of a tree”).

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kẽras m (plural kerai̇̃) stress pattern 4

1. bush, shrub

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-, *kēr-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”).

kẽras m (plural kerai̇̃) stress pattern 4

1. divination, sorcery, enchantment

• “keras”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
• Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78f; 237

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

• IPA^(key): /ˈkə.ras/
• Rhymes: -ras, -as

kĕras (Jawi spelling کرس)

1. hard, stiff
2. rigid, inflexible
3. obstinate

• kekerasan
• keraskan
• kerasi, mengerasi

• “keras” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.