◌̄

◌̄ U+0304, ̄ COMBINING MACRON ← ◌̃ Combining Diacritical Marks ◌̅ →

• (X-bar): ′ (prime), ' (plain apostrophe)

A horizontal line, called a macron, to be placed above other characters.

• (X-bar):
  • (English) as bar:
    • N̄ /ˈɛn.bɑɹ/

◌̄

1. (IPA) A mid tone.
2. (IPA, obsolete) A level tone – or, in contrast to low ⟨◌̱⟩, a high level tone.
3. (UPA) Long vowel (e.g. ā) or consonant (e.g. t̄ ); cf. ⟨◌̂⟩.

   Synonym: ◌᷾

4. (Chomskyan grammar) Used to denote an X-bar.
5. (romanization) used to create the letter ⟨ḡ⟩ (also ⟨ġ⟩), which transliterates i.a. Arabic غ (ḡ), as well as long vowels such as ⟨ā⟩ for ى, ⟨ī⟩ and ⟨ū⟩.

The IPA diacritic for retraction, ⟨◌̠⟩, may appear above a letter that has a descender. As of 2024, the macron is the closest Unicode equivalent, but a proper minus sign diacritic is pending.^[1]

: ː

: ˧

• ⟨◌̅⟩: a line above (overline, overbar, overscore), used to mark the repetend of a repeating decimal: a type of vinculum

◌̄

1. (lexicography) Used to mark a vowel letter as having its 'long' sound: ⟨ā⟩ /eɪ/, ⟨ē⟩ /iː/, ⟨ī⟩ /aɪ/, ⟨ō⟩ /oʊ/, ⟨ū⟩ /juː/.
2. (poetry) Placed over a vowel letter to indicate that the syllable is long. Also used alone to mark stress in a metrical foot or verse: see ⟨ˉ⟩.

• (lexicography): ⟨◌͞◌⟩ is used for the digraph oo.
• (poetry): ⟨◌̆⟩ is used for a short vowel/syllable.

◌̄

1. The supralinear stroke, placed over a syllabic consonant.

◌̄

1. (romanization) A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called マクロン (“macron”) in Japanese, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ī/ī, Ō/ō and Ū/ū.

In a number of romanization systems of Japanese, particularly Hepburn, the macron indicates that a vowel is a long vowel.

Other romanization systems, particularly Kunrei-shiki, use the circumflex (^) for that purpose.

◌̄

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called signum productionis (“macron”) in Latin, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ī/ī, Ō/ō and Ū/ū. (used in grammars and dictionaries)

• ◌́

• ◌̆ (signum correptionis)

◌̄

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called garumzīme (“macron”) in Latvian, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ī/ī and Ū/ū.

• Used to mark long vowels: ā = , ē = or , ī = , ū = .
• For a short while (1908–1919), it was also used with the letter o (ō) to mark long in words of foreign origin, but this usage has since then been abandoned.
• Letters with macrons are considered as separate letters with different names, and listed in the alphabet after the same letters without macron (i.e., ā after a, ē after e, ī after i, and ū after u). In actual practice, however, letters with and without macrons are treated as the same letter in alphabetized lists (e.g., in dictionaries), unlike letters with cedillas (ģ, ķ, ļ, ņ) or háčeks (č, š, ž), which are kept separate in alphabetized lists.

◌̄

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called 長音符號 / 长音符号 (“{{{trans}}}”) in Mandarin, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ī/ī, Ō/ō, Ū/ū and Ǖ/ǖ. Indicates the high level first tone.

◌̄

1. Written on a letter, usually a vowel, in place of an omitted n or m.
   • c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV)‎, published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, page 132r, lines 4–6:

     (please add the primary text of this quotation)

     oft scyld scefing sceaþen[a] þreatum monegū mægþum meodo setla of teah egsode eorl syððan ærest wearð fea sceaft funden

     (translation from “A Translation of the Anglo-Saxon Poem of Beowulf With a Copious Glossary Preface and Philological Notes” by John M. Kemble, 1837, London: William Pickering, “Beowulf.”, page 1)

• Middle English: ~

◌̄

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called àmì ohùn àárín (“middle-tone mark”) in Yoruba, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ẹ̄/ẹ̄, Ī/ī, Ō/ō, Ọ̄/ọ̄, Ū/ū, N̄/n̄ and M̄/m̄. Used to indicate middle-tone, omitted on vowels but marked on syllabic nasals to avoid conflation with nasal vowels

• re (“syllable used to represent the middle tone”)
• ìró ohùn àárín (“middle tone”)