ἴσος

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Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

Of disputed origin:[1]

  • The Cretan and Arcadocypriot forms suggest Proto-Hellenic *wíswos, perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *wi- (to separate). In this case, compare Vedic Sanskrit विश्व (viśva, all, every; whole, entire, universal), Proto-Slavic *vьśь (all; village) and English with. Beekes rejects this derivation, as the Indo-European affix *-su- was apparently not retained in Greek.
  • From an earlier *witˢwos, apparently from a zero-grade formation *ϝιδσ- related to εἶδος (eîdos, form, shape), from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (to see, know).
  • According to Meillet, from δύω (dúō, two) + a thematization of a suffix -τυ- (-tu-). This is semantically appealing and phonetically sound, but noticeably contrived.

Pronunciation

 

Adjective

ῐ̓́σος (ĭ́sosm (feminine ῐ̓́ση, neuter ῐ̓́σον); first/second declension

  1. (of size, strength, or number) equal (to), equivalent (to), consistent (to), ] (to), the same as
    1. (of appearance) like
    2. (with implied reference point) like, similar
    3. (with pronoun) like someone's x
    4. repeated to denote relationship between equal persons or things
      ἴσα πρὸς ἴσαísa pròs ísatit for tat
  2. (not comparable, mathematics) equal to ; (in the plural) equal (to each other)
  3. (not comparable, geometry, of lines) of equal length; (of shapes) congruent; of equal area
  4. just, fair
    1. (comparable, politics) equal in rights, based on equality of rights
    2. (of persons) impartial
    3. neuter plural τὰ ἴσα (tà ísa) as substantive: equal rights, equality
  5. (rare) adequate
  6. (of land) even, level, flat
    1. neuter singular (τὸ) ἴσον ((tò) íson) as substantive: level ground
      εἰς τὸ ἴσον
      eis tò íson
      (on)to level ground
  7. ὡς ἰσαίτατα (hōs isaítata): as equally as possible
    • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians :
      τοὺς δ’ ἑκατὸν ἄνδρας διανεῖμαι σφᾶς τε αὐτοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τέτταρα μέρη ὡς ἰσαίτατα
      toùs d’ hekatòn ándras dianeîmai sphâs te autoùs kaì toùs állous téttara mérē hōs isaítata
      for the Hundred Men to divide themselves and the others into four divisions as equally as possible
    • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 5.744c:
      τὰς τιμάς τε καὶ ἀρχὰς ὡς ἰσαίτατα τῷ ἀνίσῳ συμμέτρῳ δὲ ἀπολαμβάνοντες
      tàs timás te kaì arkhàs hōs isaítata tôi anísōi summétrōi dè apolambánontes
      receiving honors and offices as equally as possible by the rule of symmetrical inequality

Declension

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Greek: ίσος (ísos)

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἴσος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 600-1

Further reading