| cause; reason; because | and; as well as; but (not) and; as well as; but (not); yet (not); (shows causal relation); (shows change of state); (shows contrast) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (因而) |
因 | 而 | |
因而
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 是以, 是故, 故, 以, 以是, 以故 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 所以, 因此, 因而, 故, 故此, 故而 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 所以 |
| Singapore | 所以 | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 所以 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 所以 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 所以, 故此 |
| Hong Kong | 所以 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 所以 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 故是 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 所以, 故此 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 故所, 所以 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 故所, 所以, 故所以 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 所以 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 所以 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 所以, 故所 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 所以 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 所以上 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 故此 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 故此 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 所以 |
| Quanzhou | 所以 | |
| Zhangzhou | 所以 | |
| Tainan | 所以 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
| Wenchang | 所以 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 所以, 咾, 葛咾, 因此, 故所以 dated, 故而 dated, 所以緣故 dated, 為此緣故 dated, 因此緣故 dated |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 故所以 | |
| Xiang | Loudi | 故所以 |