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Hungarian
Etymology
From -st (adverb of manner suffix) + -ul (adverb of manner suffix).[1]
Pronunciation
Suffix
-stul
- (adverb-forming suffix) with, together with, along with. Forms the sociative case (sometimes also referred to as comitative case), although it is not an actual case from a strictly syntactic point of view.
- ruha (“clothes”) + -stul → ruhástul (“with all one's clothes (on)”) (as in "he went into the water with all his clothes on")
Usage notes
- (adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -stul is added to back-vowel words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-.
- ruha (“clothes”) → ruhástul – with his/her/their clothes on
- -stül is added to front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-.
- bögre (“mug”) → bögréstül – along with his/her/their mug
- -ostul is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- család (“family”) → családostul – together with his/her/their family
- -astul is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- héj (“peel, shell”) → héjastul – including its peel/shell
- -estül is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- gyerek (“child”) → gyerekestül – along with his/her/their child or children
- -östül is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- öltöny (“suit”) → öltönyöstül – in his/her/their suit
- Although it is similar to the instrumental case suffixes -val and -vel (and sometimes interchangeable with it, with the notable exception of referring to the instrument of the action), its usage is more limited. It creates the idea that the group of people or things mentioned comprises a single unit and it inherently belongs together.
- It can only be added to singular nouns. Some of the words it occurs with: család, kamat, csapat, ruha, gyökér, tő, ajtó, héj, szőr-bőr, ló, test-lélek, kutya, cipő, tok, kalitka, gyerek, feleség, sereg, asszony, bőr, zacskó, áfa, tömeg, lány, háttér, ablak.
Derived terms
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References