-ul

Azerbaijani

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Suffix

-ul

1. Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L.

   ‎yormaq (“to tire out”) + ‎-ul → ‎yorulmaq (“to get tired”)

   ‎tutmaq (“to catch”) + ‎-ul → ‎tutulmaq (“to get caught”)

Derived terms

See -il.

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ul

2. (verb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an intransitive verb with a middle-voice meaning.

   ‎csoportos (“collective”) + ‎-ul → ‎csoportosul (“to form a group”)

   ‎azonos (“identical”) + ‎-ul → ‎azonosul (“to identify; to associate oneself with some group”)

   ‎von (“to pull”) + ‎-ul → ‎vonul (“to go along, to stalk, to march”, literally “to pull oneself”)

   ‎alak (“shape”) + ‎-ul → ‎alakul (“to take shape”)

Usage notes

• (verb-forming suffix) Variants:

  -ul is added to back-vowel words. The final vowel is dropped.

  ‎lassú (“slow”) + ‎-ul → ‎lassul (“to slow down”)

  -ül is added to front-vowel words. The final vowel is dropped.

  ‎béke (“peace”) + ‎-ul → ‎békül (“to make peace”)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ul/-ül (essive-modal case suffix)

2. (essive sense) as, with the intention of

   Synonyms: -ként, -képp/-képpen, (stating the capacity) mint

   ‎ajándék (“gift, present”) + ‎-ul → ‎ajándékul (“as a gift”)

   ‎példa (“example”) + ‎-ul → ‎például (“for example; as an example”)

4. (modal sense, adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb.

   ‎rossz (“bad”) + ‎-ul → ‎rosszul (“badly”)

   ‎angol (“English”) + ‎-ul → ‎angolul (“in English”)

Usage notes

• (essive-modal case suffix) Variants:

  -ul is added to back-vowel words. Final -a changes to -á-.

  -ül is added to front-vowel words. Final -e changes to -é-.

Derived terms

See also

• Category:Hungarian terms taking -ul/-ül
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Middle English

Suffix

-ul

1. Alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ul/

Suffix

-ul

1. Alternative form of -el
2. Alternative form of -ol

Romanian

Alternative forms

• -l — for masculine and neuter nouns ending in a vowel other than -e or -i
• -le — for masculine and neuter nouns ending in -e

Etymology

Variant of -l with the original u (lost in most modern Romanian nouns) reappearing at the end of the noun it is attached to as a link to the definite article to make pronunciation smoother. For example, in its evolution from Latin, the word foc probably passed through a phase in early Romanian where it was *focu, but the u only appears now as a part of the definite form, focul (with the definite article suffix -l), corresponding to Vulgar Latin *focu illu. The grammatical rule was generalized and also came to apply to nouns of non-Latin origin after they became part of Romanian (e.g. război → războiul). Compare Aromanian -lu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ul/
• (informal) IPA^(key): /u/

Suffix

-ul m or n

1. variant of -l

   the (definite article)

Usage notes

This form of the definite article is used for both masculine and neuter singular nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which do not end in a vowel, except for -i (which is somewhat uncommon in Romanian):

• bărbatul (“the man”), from bărbat m
• visul (“the dream”), from vis n
• copilul (“the child”), from copil m
• arcul (“the bow”), from arc n
• războiul (“the war”), from război n
• tramvaiul (“the tram”), from tramvai n
• cotoiul (“the tomcat”), from cotoi m

The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies:

• deșteptul om, from omul deștept (both meaning "the smart man")
• viteazul soldat, from soldatul viteaz (both meaning "the brave soldier")

In informal speech, the final -l is often not pronounced.

Related terms

• -i
• -l
• -le
• -ului

See also

• -a
• -ua

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Suffix

-ul

1. Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L.

   ‎yormak (“to tire out”) + ‎-ul → ‎yorulmak (“to get tired”)

   ‎tutmak (“to hold”) + ‎-ul → ‎tutulmak (“to be held”)

Derived terms

See -il.