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1) Originally used only in pronominal declension. 2) The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages. 3) Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.
^ Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon (2025) “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, volume 0, →DOI, page 9 of 1-24
^ Boeschoten, Hendrik (2022) A Dictionary of Early Middle Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.169), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 14
^ Baskakov, N. A. (1991) İsmail Kaynak, A. Mecit Doğru, transl., Gagauz Türkçesinin Sözlüğü (in Turkish), Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, page 152
^ Гаркавец А. Н. (2019) Kitāb‑i Macmū‛‑i Tarcumān‑i Türkī va ‛Acamī va Muġalī va Fārsī, Almaty: Ministry of Culture and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakh Scientifc Research Institute of Culture, →ISBN, pages 348-349
^ al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume 1, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 364
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*keler / *keleŕ / *kelte”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, pages 180-181