Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/koč

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

The form *kočgar is morphologically obscure as there is no *-gar suffix.

Nishanyan compares it to Armenian ոչխար (očʻxar, “ram”) and Arabic كبش (kabš, “ram”), however neither of these words can etymologically and phonologically be related to this word.

Noun

*koč

ram

Declension

Declension of *koč

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*koč
Accusative	kočug, kočnï¹⁾
Genitive	*kočnuŋ
Dative	*kočka
Locative	*kočda
Ablative	*kočdan
Allative	*kočgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*kočun
Equative ²⁾	*kočča
Similative ²⁾	*kočlayu
Comitative ²⁾	*kočlugu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- → Hungarian: kos
→ Proto-Mongolic: *kucan
Common Turkic: *koč, *kočgar

Arghu:
- Khalaj: qoç
Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: (qoç)
    - Azerbaijani: qoç
    - Ottoman Turkish: قوچ (koç), قوچقار (koçkar)
      - Gagauz: koç
    - Turkish: koç, koçkar
- Oghuz-Uyghur:
  - Salar: goşğur
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: goç, goçgar
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: (qočŋar)
  - Chagatai: قوچقار (qoćqar)
    - Uyghur: قوچقار (qochqar)
    - Uzbek: qoʻchqar
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Tatar: кучкар (quçkar)
  - Bashkir: ҡусҡар (qusqar)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimeaic Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: qoçqar
    - Urum: ґоч (ğoč)
  - Karaim: kočxar
  - Karachay-Balkar: кочхар (koçxar)
  - Kumyk: къочкъар (qoçqar)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: қошқар (qoşqar)
  - Karakalpak: qoshqar, gʻosh
  - Nogai: кошкар (koşkar)
- East Kipchak:
  - Southern Altai: кочкор (kočkor)
  - Kyrgyz: кочкор (kockor)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: qwčxʾr (qočɣar), qwčwnxʾr (qočuŋar)
    - Western Yugur: qoʐɣar
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tuvan: кошкар (koşkar)
  - Northern Altai: кочкор (kočkor) (Tuba)
→ Kott: koaskir (“ram”)

Animals in Turkic
Dog	dog: *ï̄t	Hunting Dog	hunting dog: *eker	Hen	hen: *tiakïgu
Lark	lark: *torgay	Pigeon	dove, pigeon: *kȫkerčin	Quail	quail: *bïldurčïn
Sparrow	sparrow: *serče	Hawk	hawk, falcon: *kïrguy	Goose	goose: *kāŕ
Wolf	wolf: *bȫrü	Cow	cow: *ingek	Calf	calf: *buŕagu
Camel	camel: *tebe	Young Camel	young of camel: kȫĺek, botu	Horse	horse: *at
Foal	foal: *kulun	Worm	worm: *kūrt	Snake	snake: *yï̄lan
Fox	fox: *tilkü	goat	goat: *keči	He-goat	he-goat: *teke
Lion	lion: *arsïlan	Fish	fish: *bālïk	Abramis brama	carp bream: *čapak
Donkey	donkey: *eĺčgek	Carp	carp: *siāŕgan	Catfish	catfish: *yāyïn
Beaver	beaver: *kunduŕ	Hedgehog	hedgehog: *kirpi	Badger	badger: *borsmuk
Fly	fly, mosquito: *siŋek	Bee	wasp, bee: *ārï	Gadlfy	gadfly: *bȫgen
Moth	moth: *küńe	Louse	louse: *bït	Earthworm	earthworm: *sïbuĺgan
Yak	yak: *kotuz	Colt	colt: *sïp	Dragon	dragon: *siāŕgan
Worm	worm: *kūrt	Deer	deer: keyik, sïgun, bulan, bugu	Lizard	lizard: *keleŕ

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kočŋar”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 592
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, pages 233-234
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VI, Moscow: Indrik, page 86
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 274
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “koç”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Koč”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Gombocz, Zoltán (1912) Die bulgarisch-türkischen Lehnwörter in der ungarischen Sprache [The Bulgarian–Turkic Loanwords in the Hungarian Language] (Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne; XXX)‎ (in German), page 100
Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT, page 430
Bayarma Khabtagaeva (2019), Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The Languages of Asia Series; 19), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages: 71‒72