Template:be-conj/documentation

	Documentation for Template:be-conj.
	This page contains usage information, categories, interwiki links and other content describing the template.

Uses Lua:

• Module:be-verb

Normally there is only one parameter to specify, e.g.

{{be-conj|гавары́ць<4c.impf.tr.ppp.ao>}}

which produces

The general format is the verb lemma (the infinitive, including reflexive suffix if any), followed by a spec in angle brackets. The format of the spec is

<CONJ.PROPS>

where CONJ is e.g. 1a or 4c, i.e. it consists of the conjugation class (modeled after Zaliznyak's Russian conjugation classes; classes run between 1 and 15) and a code indicating the stress pattern in the present tense, either a (stem stress throughout), b (ending stress throughout) or c (ending stress in the first singular, otherwise stem stress). The PROPS are separated by a .. In general, the following properties are required:

• Aspect: impf for imperfective, pf for perfective, both for biaspectual.
• Transitivity: tr for transitive, intr for intransitive, mixed for mixed-transitive (can be either transitive or intransitive). All non-reflexive verbs must specify the transitivity.
• Existence of past passive participle: ppp (or a variant such as ppp- for a retracted past passive participle) if a past passive participle exists, -ppp if it does not exist. All perfective non-reflexive transitive verbs must specify this.

Some conjugation classes require additional information; this is described below.

The following additional properties exist:

• Vowel alternations: ao to indicate that an а or я directly preceding the stressed syllable in the infinitive is underlyingly о or ё, respectively. Similarly, ae indicates that an а or я directly preceding the stressed syllable in the infinitive is underlyingly э or е, respectively. The underlying vowel may resurface when the stress moves. For example, гавары́ць (havarýcʹ) has underlying о vowels in it, as shown by its Russian cognate говори́ть (govorítʹ) and by its behavior when the stress moves, for example in the second-person singular present indicative form гаво́рыш. An example where ae is needed is рашы́ць (rašýcʹ), with second-person singular present indicative рэ́шыш. An example where neither code should be given is плаці́ць (placícʹ), with second-person singular present indicative пла́ціш. As shown in these examples, the underlying nature of the vowel is not predictable.
• Imperative form: longimp for a "long imperative" (second person singular ends in -і or -ы), shortimp for a "short imperative" (second person singular ends in a consonant or -ь). If not specified, the module guesses, and is usually right. Generally this only needs to be given in the following circumstances:
  1. shortimp may be required for prefixed perfective verbs in вы́-, which default to long imperatives. In particular, prefixed verbs in вы́- take the same imperative form as the non-prefixed equivalent: long if the non-prefixed verb has stress pattern b or c, otherwise short unless the stem ends in two consonants (excluding дз, which is treated as a single consonant). As the module cannot know the stress pattern of the equivalent non-prefixed verb, it defaults to long.
  2. shortimp may also be required for certain verbs of stress pattern a whose stem ends in two or more consonants, e.g. паго́ршыць (pahóršycʹ), whose imperative is паго́рш (rather than expected #паго́ршы).
• -imp: Specify that the verb has no imperative forms.
• -pres: Specify that the verb has no present or future forms, e.g. знава́ць (znavácʹ).
• 3only: Specify that the verb has only third-person forms. This automatically implies -imp.
• impers: Specify that the verb is impersonal, i.e. it has only third-person singular forms, and only neuter singular forms in the past.
• pres:STEM Override the present-tense stem. Also applies to the perfective future. This is mandatory for class 14, where the present tense is too irregular to be generated automatically, and is required for certain verbs in certain other classes, e.g. class 6 браць (bracʹ) (use pres:бер), class 14 узя́ць (uzjácʹ) (use pres:возьм), class 5 пагна́ць (pahnácʹ) (use pres:паго́н), class 6 слаць (slacʹ) (use pres:шл in the meaning "to send", pres:сцел in the meaning "to spread"). As shown in the examples, the underlying vowels should always be used, and an accent is required if the stress pattern is a or c and the stem has more than one syllable.
• For class 7 verbs ending in -сці, one of д, т, с, ст or в must be given, indicating the final stem consonant(s) in the present tense.
• For class 7 and 8 verbs whose past tense masculine singular has ё in it, use the code ё. Examples are class 7 не́сці (njésci) (past tense masculine singular нёс), class 8 ле́гчы (ljéhčy) (past tense masculine singular лёг), пячы́ (pjačý) (past tense masculine singular пёк; for this verb, the code ae is also required). Also use code ё with грэ́бці (hrébci) and derivatives, whose past tense masculine singular has an о in it (e.g. гроб).

For some classes, additional specifications can be attached to the conjugation class:

• Add /b after the conjugation class (e.g. 8a/b) to indicate that the past tense follows stress pattern b (consistently ending-stressed).
• Use 3°a to indicate a class 3 verb with short past tense (lacking the -ну- infix).
• In classes 9 and 11, use a * after the conjugation class (e.g. 9*b, 11*b) to indicate that an extra а (underlying о) appears after the prefix in the present tense. This applies, for example, to class 9b распе́рці (raspjérci) (present tense разапру́) and class 11b збіць (zbicʹ) (present tense саб'ю́). As shown in these examples, sometimes an с changes into a з or vice-versa; the module automatically handles this. A similar alternation also occurs in some class 6 and 14 verbs, but for those verbs, this alternation must be specified explicitly using pres:STEM.

A given transitive verb may or may not have a past passive participle (PPP), and it may be formed in different ways. It is mandatory for perfective transitive verbs to specify whether the verb has a PPP, and is it recommended for imperfective transitive verbs to specify this as well. (If left unspecified, an imperfective transitive verb will not be given a PPP.) To specify that a verb does not have a PPP, use -ppp, for example with павадзі́ць (pavadzícʹ, “to lead”):

{{be-conj|павадзі́ць<4c.pf.tr.-ppp.ao>}}

which produces

To specify that a verb does have a PPP, normally use ppp. This constructs a PPP according to certain rules. Sometimes, however, the default rules need to be modified. Most commonly, this concerns whether or not the PPP has retracted stress. Non-retracted stress means that the stress is on the final syllable of the stem, e.g. in капа́ны from капа́ць (kapácʹ, “to dig”) or надзе́ты from надзе́ць (nadzjécʹ, “to put on (clothing)”). Retracted stress means that the stress is on the preceding syllable (or sometimes even farther to the left), as in пі́саны from піса́ць (pisácʹ, “to write”) or гаво́раны from гавары́ць (havarýcʹ, “to speak”). The issue of retracted vs. non-retracted stress is mostly relevant to verbs where the stress is on the ending, either in the infinitive or in the present tense. Verbs with consistent stress on the root almost always have the same stress pattern in the PPP.

By default, the PPP stress is retracted in the following cases:

• All verbs with stress not on the final syllable in the infinitive.
• Verbs of class 4c, 7, 8 and 10.

The stress is non-retracted by default in all other verbs.

Use the following codes to control the PPP stress:

• ppp to specify that a PPP exists with default stress.
• ppp- to specify that a PPP exists with retracted stress.
• ppp+ to specify that a PPP exists with non-retracted stress.
• ppp-+ to specify that a PPP exists with both retracted and non-retracted stress (listing the retracted variant first).
• ppp+- to specify that a PPP exists with both non-retracted and retracted stress (listing the non-retracted variant first).

For example, class 6c піса́ць (pisácʹ, “to write”) would have default PPP піса́ны, but the actual PPP is retracted пі́саны. To specify this, use ppp-, as follows:

{{be-conj|піса́ць<6c.impf.tr.ppp->}}

which produces

An example of ppp+- is class 2a будава́ць (budavácʹ, “to build”), whose PPP is either non-retracted будава́ны or retracted будо́ваны (the а/о alternation is automatic in class 2):

{{be-conj|будава́ць<2a.impf.tr.ppp+->}}

which produces

In addition, you can override the PPP entirely using ppp:PARTICIPLE, or ppp:PARTICIPLE1:PARTICIPLE2:... to specify multiple PPP's. An example where this is necessary is памяну́ць (pamjanúcʹ, “to remember”):

{{be-conj|памяну́ць<3b.pf.tr.ppp:памянёны:памя́нуты>}}

which produces

Class 10 additionally allows variant codes such as pppt to specify that the PPP ends in -ты (the default), pppn to specify that the PPP ends in -ны, or ppptn to specify that the PPP ends in either -ты or -ны. This is used in кало́ць (kalócʹ, “to split, to stab, to prick”) (and derivatives), with PPP either ко́латы or ко́ланы:

{{be-conj|кало́ць<10c.impf.tr.ppptn.ao>}}

which produces

Almost all imperfective verbs have present adverbial participles. The present adverbial participle (PrAdP) is normally formed from the third plural present indicative by replacing the final -ць with -чы (stressed -чы́ if the verb follows stress pattern b). Sometimes, however, the PrAdP is irregular, most commonly by having unpredictable stress. To control this, use codes similar to those for past passive participles:

• pradp- to specify that stress is retracted onto the root.
• pradp+ to specify that stress is on the ending.
• pradp! to specify that stress is on the suffix (i.e. the syllable preceding the ending).
• pradp!+, pradp+- etc. to specify that multiple variants exist.

An example is ве́сці (vjésci, “to lead, to conduct”). This verb is stress pattern b, with third plural present indicative веду́ць, and hence the default PrAdP is ведучы́. In reality, however, both веду́чы (suffix stress) and ведучы́ (ending stress) are possible. To specify this, use pradp!+:

{{be-conj|ве́сці<7b/b.impf.tr.-ppp.pradp!+.д.ё>}}

which produces

An example where pradp- is necessary is class 5b глядзе́ць (hljadzjécʹ, “to look at, to watch”), where the PrAdP is гле́дзячы, with unexpected root stress:

{{be-conj|глядзе́ць<5b.impf.tr.ppp-.pradp-.ae>}}

which produces

You can also override the PrAdP entirely using pradp:PARTICIPLE, or pradp:PARTICIPLE1:PARTICIPLE2:... to specify multiple PrAdP's, similarly to PPP's.

Finally, to specify that no PrAdP exists, use pradp:-.