بودن

Borrowed from Hungarian Buda.

بودن • (Budin)

1. Buda (a city in Hungary), now part of Budapest
2. (historical) Buda (an eyalet in the Ottoman Empire)

• Mallouf, Nassif (1856) “Bude”, in Dictionnaire français-turc, 2nd edition, Paris: Maisonneuve, page 77
• Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Budapeşte”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names]‎, 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 135

From Middle Persian (būdan, baw-), from Old Persian 𐎲𐎺- (bav-), from Proto-Iranian *báwati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰáwHati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to be, become”), *bʰew- (“to grow”).

Modern Iranian cognates include Ossetian уын (wyn), Pashto و (wo, “he was”), Baluchi بوگ (būag), Northern Kurdish bûn and Zazaki bîyaene, Northern Luri بیێن (byên).

Extended Indo-Iranian cognates include Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaⁱti, “is”) and Sanskrit भवति (bhávati, “becomes”).

Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek φύω (phúō, “cause to grow, bring forth”), Latin fui (“I was”), Old Church Slavonic бꙑти (byti) (Russian быть (bytʹ)) and Old English beon (English be).

For the suppletive present stem see the etymology of است (ast).

• Audio (Iran):

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بودن • (budan) (present stem باش (bâš))

1. to be (See the Usage Notes)
2. to exist

The conjugation of بودن with the stem باش derived herefrom is used mainly in formal or literary contexts, or universally in non-present constructions. Elsewhere, and in some constructions universally, two additional sets of verb inflections are used. Both these sets are defective, lacking an infinitive, clearly-defined stem, and inflections other than those in the present indicative.

The first is a short form which may be used as a general copula, placed directly after its predicate, but except in participle constructions, is considered less formal. It is conjugated as follows (note: In the tables, hover mouse over Arabic script for transliterated pronunciation, desktop site only):

After a sounded consonant:

• Note: است is not connected.

After the short vowel ە:

• Note: This hamzeh (ء) is put above the ە as follows: ۀ.

After a long vowel ا/و/ی:

• Note: Preceding vowel sound is applied
• Also, a normal ی is often used instead of the more traditional ئ-form.

The second alternative form of to be is a longer form based on a stem هست (hast), which, though seemingly inflected as a past verb (it takes no 'د' ending in the 3rd-person singular), bears a present-tense meaning just as the shorter form above does, but is more existential and formal in tone. Also, although the shorter form is either partially or wholly affixed to its predicate, this longer form is written separately; it is conjugated as follows:

The negative forms of both alternative forms of to be are made by means of prefixing the forms of هست with the negative indicative prefix نَـ (na), which assimilates and blends with the beginning of the هست-forms to form a negative stem نیست (nist). Suffixed with the personal endings, this stem yields the following negative inflections of the alternative forms of to be:

• (deferential) تشریف داشتن (tašrif dâštan)

• Mace, John (2003) Persian Grammar, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, pages 95–99
• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “boodan”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “budan”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
• Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 16-8