共和

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Chinese

all together; in while; to share
all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total
 
mix together; peace; harmony
mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
 
simp. and trad.
(共和)
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Etymology

Gonghe Regency
Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (). This reading has been confirmed by the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips.[1][2]

Pronunciation



Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2 1/2
Initial () (30) (33)
Final () (7) (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division () III I
Fanqie
Baxter gjowngH hwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɡɨoŋH/ /ɦuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɡioŋH/ /ɦuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɡioŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/guawŋH/ /ɦwa/
Li
Rong
/ɡioŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Wang
Li
/ɡĭwoŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/gi̯woŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiòng huó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gung6 wo4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
gòng
Middle
Chinese
‹ gjowngH › ‹ hwa ›
Old
Chinese
/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/ /*ˁoj/
English together, all harmonious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2 1/2
No. 4182 4932
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡloŋs/ /*ɡoːl/

Noun

共和

  1. republicanism; republic

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (共和):

See also

Proper noun

共和

  1. (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
  2. () Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ 華東師範大學中文系戰國簡讀書小組 (2011 December 29) “讀《清華大學藏戰國竹簡(貳)․繫年》書後(一)”, in 簡帛網, archived from the original on 27 January 2012
  2. ^ Chen, Minzhen, Pines, Yuri (2018) “Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation”, in Asia Major, volume 31.1, Academica Sinica, retrieved 2022-06-15, pages 1–27 (at pp 16–17)

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
きょう
Grade: 4

Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).

The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (democracy).

Pronunciation

Noun

(きょう)() (kyōwa

  1. collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
  2. republicanism

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term

Noun

共和 (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

  1. hanja form? of 공화 (universal harmony, republicanism)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term

Noun

共和

  1. chữ Hán form of cộng hoà (republic).