終古

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Chinese

		end; finish	ancient; old
trad. (終古)		終	古
simp. (终古)		终	古

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhōnggǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ gu²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhōnggǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhonggǔ
  - Wade–Giles: chung¹-ku³
  - Yale: jūng-gǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongguu
  - Palladius: чжунгу (čžungu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    中古
    鐘鼓／钟鼓
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung¹ gu²
  - Yale: jūng gú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ gu²
  - Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ gu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/

Middle Chinese: tsyuwng kuX

Rime
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	職戎切	公戸切
Baxter	tsyuwng	kuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨuŋ/	/kuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/kuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/ko^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuwŋ/	/kɔ^X/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/ko^X/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭuŋ/	/ku^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯uŋ/	/kuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng	gǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung¹	gu²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tuŋ kˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*tjuŋ kaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōng	gǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyuwng ›	‹ ku^X ›
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ/	/*kˁaʔ/
English	end	ancient
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2428	4219
Phonetic component	冬	古
Rime group	終	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	終	古
Old Chinese	/*tjuŋ/	/*kaːʔ/

Adverb

終古

(literary) forever; always
(literary) often; regularly; frequently
(literary) from time immemorial; since ancient times
- 春蘭兮秋菊，長無絕兮終古。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  春兰兮秋菊，长无绝兮终古。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE
  Chūnlán xī qiūjú, cháng wújué xī zhōnggǔ.
  With orchids of spring and chrysanthemums of autumn, we will keep you venerated like since time immemorial.

Synonyms

(forever):

永世 (yǒngshì)
永遠／永远 (yǒngyuǎn)

(often):

動輒／动辄 (dòngzhé) (literary)
常常 (chángcháng)
常時／常时 (chángshí)
往往 (wǎngwǎng)
慣／惯 (guàn) (literary, or in compounds)
時常／时常 (shícháng)
時時／时时 (shíshí)
每每 (měiměi)
經常／经常 (jīngcháng)

(from time immemorial):

古來／古来 (gǔlái) (literary)
自古 (zìgǔ)
自古以來／自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)

Adjective

終古

a long time ago; far back

Synonyms

久遠／久远 (jiǔyuǎn)
久長／久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
延延 (yányán) (literary)
延長／延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
彌遠／弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
恆久／恒久 (héngjiǔ)
悠久 (yōujiǔ)
悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
曠世／旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
永恆／永恒 (yǒnghéng)
漫長／漫长 (màncháng)
迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
長久／长久 (chángjiǔ)
長遠／长远 (chángyuǎn)

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