終古

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Chinese

		end; finish	ancient; old
trad. (終古)		終	古
simp. (终古)		终	古

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhōnggǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ gu²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhōnggǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhonggǔ
  - Wade–Giles: chung¹-ku³
  - Yale: jūng-gǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongguu
  - Palladius: чжунгу (čžungu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    中古
    鐘鼓 / 钟鼓
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung¹ gu²
  - Yale: jūng gú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ gu²
  - Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ gu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/

Middle Chinese: tsyuwng kuX

Rime
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	職戎切	公戸切
Baxter	tsyuwng	kuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨuŋ/	/kuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/kuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/ko^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuwŋ/	/kɔ^X/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiuŋ/	/ko^X/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭuŋ/	/ku^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯uŋ/	/kuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng	gǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung¹	gu²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tuŋ kˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*tjuŋ kaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōng	gǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyuwng ›	‹ ku^X ›
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ/	/*kˁaʔ/
English	end	ancient
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	終	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2428	4219
Phonetic component	冬	古
Rime group	終	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	終	古
Old Chinese	/*tjuŋ/	/*kaːʔ/

Adverb

終古

(literary) forever; always
(literary) often; regularly; frequently
(literary) from time immemorial; since ancient times
- 春蘭兮秋菊，長無絕兮終古。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  春兰兮秋菊，长无绝兮终古。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE
  Chūnlán xī qiūjú, cháng wújué xī zhōnggǔ.
  With orchids of spring and chrysanthemums of autumn, we will keep you venerated like since time immemorial.

Synonyms

(forever):

永世 (yǒngshì)
永遠 / 永远 (yǒngyuǎn)

(often):

動輒 / 动辄 (dòngzhé) (literary)
常常 (chángcháng)
常時 / 常时 (chángshí)
往往 (wǎngwǎng)
慣 / 惯 (guàn) (literary, or in compounds)
時常 / 时常 (shícháng)
時時 / 时时 (shíshí)
每每 (měiměi)
經常 / 经常 (jīngcháng)

(from time immemorial):

古來 / 古来 (gǔlái) (literary)
自古 (zìgǔ)
自古以來 / 自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)

Adjective

終古

a long time ago; far back

Synonyms

久遠 / 久远 (jiǔyuǎn)
久長 / 久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
延延 (yányán) (literary)
延長 / 延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
彌遠 / 弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
恆久 / 恒久 (héngjiǔ)
悠久 (yōujiǔ)
悠長 / 悠长 (yōucháng)
曠世 / 旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
永恆 / 永恒 (yǒnghéng)
漫長 / 漫长 (màncháng)
迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
長久 / 长久 (chángjiǔ)
長遠 / 长远 (chángyuǎn)

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