-ke

Dutch

Alternative forms

• -ken

Etymology

From earlier -ken, from Middle Dutch -ken, -kin, -kijn, apparently representing Proto-West Germanic *-ukīn, a double diminutive, from *-uk. The standard Dutch -tje and its variants are derived from -ke(n) through palatalization. Cognate with German -chen, Low German -ken, English -kin, -ock.

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Suffix

-ke n (plural -kes)

1. (colloquial, Southern) Synonym of -tje (“diminutive noun suffix”)

Estonian

Alternative forms

• -kene

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ke (genitive -kese, partitive -kest)

1. A noun suffix that builds (endearing) diminutives from nouns.
   • kivi (stone) → kivike (a small stone)

Usage notes

Diminutives can be stacked, yielding -kene, -keseke, -kesekene. The longer forms are rarely used, as they are used to further emphasize either on endearing or diminutive value.

Declension

Derived terms

Finnish

Etymology

From -kka +‎ -e.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-keˣ/,

Suffix

-ke

1. Forms diminutive forms of nouns.

   ‎aalto (“wave”) + ‎-ke → ‎aalloke (“wavelet”)

   ‎siipi (“wing”) + ‎-ke → ‎siiveke (“aileron”)

   ‎lause (“sentence”) + ‎-ke → ‎lauseke (“expression; phrase”)

2. Forms nouns from verbs, often to describe the result of an action.

   ‎elää (“to live”) + ‎-ke → ‎eläke (“pension”)

   ‎seisahtaa (“to come to a standstill”) + ‎-ke → ‎seisake (“railway stop”)

3. (rare) Forms nouns from adjectives.

   ‎lämmin (“warm”) + ‎-ke → ‎lämmike (“something used to warm up”)

Declension

Back vowel harmony:

Front vowel harmony:

Derived terms

See also

• -e

References

• Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004) “§ 257 ke-sanojen koostumus ja merkitys”, in Iso suomen kielioppi‎, Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN

Anagrams

• EK

German Low German

Alternative forms

• -ken (in other dialects)

Etymology

From Middle Low German -eken, from Old Saxon *-ukīn, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukīn. Compare German -chen, Dutch -ke.

Suffix

-ke n (noun plural -kes)

1. (Low Prussian) Suffix used to form the diminutive of nouns and hypocoristic forms of proper nouns and other parts of speech.

   Brotke ― bread

   Anke ― Annie

   Gottke ― God

   kommke ― come (second-person singular present imperative, hypocoristic)

References

• Erhard Riemann (et al.), Preußisches Wörterbuch: deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreußens (1974)
• A. Treichel, Dialectische Räthsel, Reime und Märchen aus dem Ermlande, in Altpreussische Monatsschrift neue Folge. Der Preussischen Provinzial-Blätter vierte Folge, volume 27 (1890), edited by Rudolf Reicke and Ernst Wichert, pp. 327–332; on p. 332:

  Aus Braunsberg wird mir noch gemeldet (Pfr. Preuschoff), daß dort und in der Umgegend die Verkleinerungs-Endsilbe -chen und -lein, erstere in -ke verplattdeutscht, überaus häufig und überall angehängt werden, wie z. B. Jacke! nêke! kommke! Ebenso an Personennamen. Man hört die Schulkinder ihren Gefährten also zurufen: Albrechtke, Ehmke, Eadmannke (Erdmannchen), Wulfke u. s. w.

• H. Frischbier, Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreußische Provinzialismen, volume 1, A–K (1882)
• H. Frischbier, Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreußische Provinzialismen, volume 2, L–Z (1883)

Hungarian

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka and Estonian -ke.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):
• Rhymes: -kɛ

Suffix

-ke

1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.

   ‎egy (“one”) + ‎-ke → ‎egyke (“only child”)

   ‎egér (“mouse”) + ‎-ke → ‎egérke (“tiny mouse”)

   ül (“to sit”) → ülő (“sitting”) → ülőke (“seat, small seat”)

Usage notes

• (diminutive suffix) Variants:

  -ka is added to back-vowel words

  -ke is added to front-vowel words

Derived terms

See also

• -cske
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Ingrian

Etymology

From -kka +‎ -e. Akin to Finnish -ke.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-ke/,
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-ke/,

Suffix

-ke

1. (rare, unproductive) Used to form nouns from adjectives.

Declension

Derived terms

Mohawk

Suffix

-ke

1. locative suffix in, at

References

• Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 104

South Slavey

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Suffix

-ke

1. Used to form collective nouns.

Usage notes

• Follows the suffixes -ah and -cho, as well as the possessive suffix:

  ‎dene (“person”) + ‎-ke → ‎deneke (“people”)

  ‎sedeneé (“my person”) + ‎-ke → ‎sedeneéke (“my people”)

Derived terms

References

• Keren Rice (1989) A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 247

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• -che (allomorph after i)

Suffix

-ke

1. Forms adverbs from nouns with a resulting meaning of ‘having X’, ‘with X’; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and can also follow a possessive suffix -i.

Usage notes

It is unclear if t- -ke is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -ke.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ke

1. Only used in -kene (distant past imperfective suffix).

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Suffix

-ke

1. Allomorph of -e (adverbializer) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ke”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 150–151, 213–222

Zulu

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ke

1. now
2. and so
3. then
4. very well

   Yeboke.

   Yes, very well.

Usage notes

The suffix is usually affixed to the first word of the sentence.

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-ke”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-ke”