Appendix:Cebuano verbs

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Cebuano verbs follow a complex system of affixes to create verbs with subtle differences in meaning, and are inflected for focus/trigger, aspect and number. As a Philippine language, Cebuano follows the Austronesian voice system to determine the focus/trigger of the verb in a sentence (which are indicated by ang or si).

Following common practice by most Cebuano dictionaries, the Cebuano verb lemma is normally the root, without any affixes. Most Cebuano verbs both serve as roots and stems, while some may have multiples stems formed by adding affixes, commonly pa- and hi- (e.g dala and balo). So, for example mahibalo has the stem hibalo, and the root balo.

Conjugation

Conjugation of Cebuano verbs are based on the Austronesian system, which is retained in the Philippine and Formosan languages, some Bornean languages, and Malagasy, but become lost in most other Malayo-Polynesian languages (e.g. Malay (incl. Malaysian, Indonesian), Javanese, Chamorro, Māori, Hawaiian). The table below shows a summary of all possible Cebuano verb conjugations.

Aspect Realis Irrealis Infinitive Imperative Example
Complete (nasugdan) Progressive (pasugdan)* Contemplative (pagasugdan)
Trigger/focus Mood Singular Plural Singular Plural
Actor Indicative I (mag-/mang-) nag-CV nang-CV mag-CV mang-CV mag-CV (singular)/mag-CV (plural) pag-CV magkaon/mangaon (root: kaon)
Indicative II (mo-) mi-CV/ni-CV mo-CV mo-CV pag-CV moadto (root: adto)
Causative (ma-/magka-) na-CV/nagka-CV ma-CV/magka-CV ka-CV/pagka-CV mahigugma (root: gugma)
Potential (maka-) naka-CV maka-CV none makahimo (root: himo)
Object Indicative (-on) gi-CV CV-on CV-a imnon (root: inom)
Potential (ma-) na-CV ma-CV none makanta (root: kanta)
Circumstantial Benefactive (-an) gi- -anCV CV-an CV-i kuhanan (root: kuha)
Potential (ma- -an) ma- -anCV CVma- -an none malutoan (root: luto)
Instrumental (i-) gi-CV i-CV iabli (root: abli)

Aspects

Cebuano verbs are conjugated by aspect, which rather conveys the completion of the act and the time the action is done. The verb aspects are the complete (nasugdan), contemplative (pagasugdan), and the imperative. The progressive (pasugdan) aspect only occur in object focus verbs with the mood of ability or permission.

  • Complete (nasugdan) - indicates the action has been completed. The progressive aspect generally merges with this, with the exception of object focus verbs with indicative mood.
  • Progressive (pasugdan) - indicates the action is still being in progress. Only used in object focus verbs with indicative mood.
  • Contemplative (pagasugdan) - indicates the action is not done but anticipated.

Trigger system

Cebuano verbs use the Austronesian system to indicate the thematic role of the subject (indicated by ang or si) in a sentence. The Cebuano system uses these triggers: actor, object, locative, benefactive, instrumental, causative, directional, and reciprocal. Cebuano verbs are formed from adding affixes to a root word, and is very intricate, as they also display moods.

1.) Actor trigger

Moluto ang babaye og kalamay.
The woman will cook kalamay.

2.) Object trigger

Lutoon sa babaye ang bugas sa lata.
The woman will cook rice in the can.

3.) Circumstantial trigger

a. location subject
Lutoan sa babaye og bugas ang kawa.
The woman cooked rice in the pan.
b. benefactive subject
Lutoan ni Maria og bugas si Pepe.
Maria cooked rice for Pepe.
b. goal subject
Sulatan ni Maria si Juana.
Maria wrote Juana a letter.

5.) Instrumental trigger

Giabli nila ang pultahan og yawi.
They opened the door using the key.

Moods

Cebuano verbs can also be conjugated for moods, including indicative, causative, distributive, social, and potential.

  • Indicative (i.e. immediacy, duration)
  • Causative
  • Benefactive
  • Potential
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