pa-

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Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (off, away). Cognate to Messapic (apa, from, out of, by), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, away, off), Sanskrit अप (apa).

Pronunciation

Prefix

pa-

  1. A negating prefix; un-, in-

Derived terms

Chichewa

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-

Prefix

pa-

  1. Class 16 subject concord.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà-

Prefix

pa-

  1. Class 16 noun prefix

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pa-.

Pronunciation

Prefix

pa-

  1. pseudo-
    Synonym: pseudo-

Derived terms

Further reading

  • pa- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Hawaiian

Prefix

pa-

  1. alternative spelling of pā-

Latvian

Prefix

pa-

  1. Usually found on verbs (and their derived nouns or adjectives) with the meaning 'under' or 'for a short time' (like Lithuanian pa- or Russian по- (po-)).

Derived terms

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó (off, away). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *po (after, by); see there for more.

Pronunciation

Prefix

pa-

  1. Comes along with po 'after', e.g. Grybšt pa-grybšt - grybšnis po grybšnio, bearing meanings 'after', 'definite', 'slight':
    1. (with verbs expressing movement) Describes an action's movement under something; under-
    2. (with verbs) Describes a briefly lasting action
    3. (with verbs) Describes an action's smallness
    4. (with verbs) Describes the ability or means to do something
    5. (with verbs) Describes a meaning specific to the verb
    6. (with nouns) Describes a place or thing that is under or near to
    7. (with nouns) Describes approximate time

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “po”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 368-9

Makasar

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

Prefix

pa-

  1. causative prefix

Derived terms

Polish

Etymology

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pa-.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /pa/
    • Rhymes: -a
    • Syllabification:

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. (not productive) affects the definition in various ways, mostly seen in inherited or borrowed words
      pa- + ‎łęk → ‎pałąk

    Derived terms

    Further reading

    • pa- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

    Slovak

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. pseudo-

    Derived terms

    Further reading

    Sundanese

    Alternative forms

    Etymology

    Perhaps from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa- (causative prefix), from Proto-Austronesian *pa- (causative prefix).

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. noun-forming suffix
      1. noun-forming suffix denoting a tool/instrument
        pa- + ‎ambung → ‎pangambung (nose)
      2. noun-forming suffix denoting an actor
        pa- + ‎mayang → ‎pamayang (fisher)
      3. noun-forming suffix denoting a patient
        pa- + ‎parin → ‎paparin (gift)
    2. verb or adjective-forming prefix indicating an action done to another at the same time (reciprocal construction)
      pa- + ‎béntar (lightning bolt) → ‎pabéntar (to disagree with eachother)
      pa- + ‎anggang → ‎paanggang (to be separated from each other)
      pa- + ‎amprok → ‎paamprok (to meet each other)
      pa- + ‎beulit → ‎pabeulit (entangled)

    Usage notes

    • If the root words are reduplicated, it can convey the sense of competition done to another. For example:
      pa- + ‎pinter → ‎papinter-pinter (to engage in a battle of wits)
      pa- + ‎bisa → ‎pabisa-bisa (to compete based on skill)

    Derived terms

    References

    1. ^ D. K. Ardiwinata (1984) Ayatrohaedi, transl., Tata Bahasa Sunda (ILDEP)‎ (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, translation of Elmoening Basa Soenda pikeun pangadjaran di sakola2, djiiid I, page 95
    • Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*pa-”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

    Further reading

    Swahili

    Pronunciation

    • Audio (Kenya):(file)

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *pà-.

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. The prefix for noun class 16 denoting locatives (position at a place).
    See also

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *pá-.

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. there, pa class(XVI) subject concord
    2. verb-initial form of -pa- (there, pa class(XVI) object concord)
    See also
    Swahili verbal concords (third person)
    class subject concord object concord relative
    affirmative negative
    m(I) a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- -ye
    wa(II) wa- hawa- -wa- -o
    m(III) u- hau- -u- -o
    mi(IV) i- hai- -i- -yo
    ji(V) li- hali- -li- -lo
    ma(VI) ya- haya- -ya- -yo
    ki(VII) ki- haki- -ki- -cho
    vi(VIII) vi- havi- -vi- -vyo
    n(IX) i- hai- -i- -yo
    n(X) zi- hazi- -zi- -zo
    u(XI) u- hau- -u- -o
    ku(XV/XVII) ku- haku- -ku- -ko
    pa(XVI) pa- hapa- -pa- -po
    mu(XVIII) m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -mu- -mo

    For a full table including first and second person,
    see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

    Etymology 3

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. contraction of pa- + -a- (pa class(XVI) gnomic)

    Tagalog

    Etymology

    From Proto-Philippine *pa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    pa- (Baybayin spelling )

    1. adverbial prefix - indicates process of performing the action of the verb
      pa- + ‎punta (destination) → ‎papunta (be coming/ be going/ be arriving/ be on the way)
      pa- + ‎tapos (end) → ‎patapos (be about to end)
      Patapos na ang pelikula.
      The movie is about to end.
    2. reduced form of paki- or magpa-
      Patapon naman 'to sa basurahan.
      Could you please throw this to the trash can?
    3. noun prefix - indicates an object that is ordered or requested to be processed according to the root word
      pa- + ‎dala (carry) → ‎padala (remittance/ package )
      pa- + ‎piging (a banquet) → ‎papiging (a banquet that is organized by someone )
    4. (informal) indication of direction
      Pa-Espanya ako.
      I'm heading for Spain.

    Derived terms

    Anagrams

    Tumbuka

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà-

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. Class 16 noun prefix.

    Etymology 2

    Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. Class 16 subject concord.

    Volapük

    Prefix

    pa-

    1. Used to form the (present infinitive and present tense) passive voice forms of verbs.
      numön (to count)panumön (to be counted)