pa-

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic (apa, “from, out of, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apa).

• IPA^(key): /pa/

pa-

1. A negating prefix; un-, in-

• IPA^(key): /pa/

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-

pa-

1. Class 16 subject concord.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà-

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pa-.

• IPA^(key):

pa-

1. pseudo-

   Synonym: pseudo-

• pakobylka
• paroží
• patvar

• pa- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

pa-

1. alternative spelling of pā-

pa-

1. Usually found on verbs (and their derived nouns or adjectives) with the meaning 'under' or 'for a short time' (like Lithuanian pa- or Russian по- (po-)).

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó (“off, away”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *po (“after, by”); see there for more.

• IPA^(key): ,

pa-

1. Comes along with po 'after', e.g. Grybšt pa-grybšt - grybšnis po grybšnio, bearing meanings 'after', 'definite', 'slight':
   1. (with verbs expressing movement) Describes an action's movement under something; under-
   2. (with verbs) Describes a briefly lasting action
   3. (with verbs) Describes an action's smallness
   4. (with verbs) Describes the ability or means to do something
   5. (with verbs) Describes a meaning specific to the verb
   6. (with nouns) Describes a place or thing that is under or near to
   7. (with nouns) Describes approximate time

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

pa-

1. causative prefix

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pa-.

• IPA^(key): /pa/
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification:

pa-

1. (not productive) affects the definition in various ways, mostly seen in inherited or borrowed words

   ‎pa- + ‎łęk → ‎pałąk

• pa- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

pa-

1. pseudo-

• “pa-”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

• pang-

Perhaps from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa- (“causative prefix”), from Proto-Austronesian *pa- (“causative prefix”).

pa-

1. noun-forming suffix
   1. noun-forming suffix denoting a tool/instrument

      ‎pa- + ‎ambung → ‎pangambung (“nose”)

   2. noun-forming suffix denoting an actor

      ‎pa- + ‎mayang → ‎pamayang (“fisher”)

   3. noun-forming suffix denoting a patient

      ‎pa- + ‎parin → ‎paparin (“gift”)

2. verb or adjective-forming prefix indicating an action done to another at the same time (reciprocal construction)

   ‎pa- + ‎béntar (“lightning bolt”) → ‎pabéntar (“to disagree with eachother”)

   ‎pa- + ‎anggang → ‎paanggang (“to be separated from each other”)

   ‎pa- + ‎amprok → ‎paamprok (“to meet each other”)

   ‎pa- + ‎beulit → ‎pabeulit (“entangled”)

• If the root words are reduplicated, it can convey the sense of competition done to another. For example:

  ‎pa- + ‎pinter → ‎papinter-pinter (“to engage in a battle of wits”)

  ‎pa- + ‎bisa → ‎pabisa-bisa (“to compete based on skill”)

• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*pa-”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

• "pa-" in Maman Sumantri, Atjep Djamaludin, Achmad Patoni, R.H. Moch. Koerdie, M.O. Koesman, Epa Sjafei Adisastra. (1985) Kamus Sunda-Indonesia (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

From Proto-Bantu *pà-.

pa-

1. The prefix for noun class 16 denoting locatives (position at a place).

• Appendix:Swahili noun classes

From Proto-Bantu *pá-.

pa-

1. there, pa class_(XVI) subject concord
2. verb-initial form of -pa- (“there, pa class_(XVI) object concord”)

pa-

1. contraction of pa- + -a- (“pa class_(XVI) gnomic”)

From Proto-Philippine *pa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /pa/
• Syllabification: pa-

pa- (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

1. adverbial prefix - indicates process of performing the action of the verb

   ‎pa- + ‎punta (“destination”) → ‎papunta (“be coming/ be going/ be arriving/ be on the way”)

   ‎pa- + ‎tapos (“end”) → ‎patapos (“be about to end”)

   Patapos na ang pelikula.

   The movie is about to end.

2. reduced form of paki- or magpa-

   Patapon naman 'to sa basurahan.

   Could you please throw this to the trash can?

3. noun prefix - indicates an object that is ordered or requested to be processed according to the root word

   ‎pa- + ‎dala (“carry”) → ‎padala (“remittance/ package ”)

   ‎pa- + ‎piging (“a banquet”) → ‎papiging (“a banquet that is organized by someone ”)

4. (informal) indication of direction

   Pa-Espanya ako.

   I'm heading for Spain.

• AP

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà-

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-

pa-

1. Class 16 subject concord.

pa-

1. Used to form the (present infinitive and present tense) passive voice forms of verbs.

   numön (“to count”) → panumön (“to be counted”)