Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Pronoun

*ís or *h₁e

this, he (used as the 3rd person pronoun)

Declension

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*ís	*íh₂	*íd	*éyes	*íh₂es	*íh₂
accusative	*ím	*íh₂m	*íd	*íns	*íh₂ms	*íh₂
genitive	*ésyo	*ésyeh₂s	*ésyo	*éysom	*éysom	*éysom
ablative	*ésmod	*ésyeh₂s	*ésyo	*éysom	*éysom	*éysom
dative	*ésmey	*ésyeh₂ey	*ésmey	*eybʰ-	*eybʰ-	*eybʰ-
locative	*ésmi	*?	*ésmi	*eysu	*eysu	*eysu

Donald Ringe's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*éy	*íh₂	*íd	*éyes	*íh₂es (?)	*íh₂
accusative	*ím	*íh₂m̥	*íd	*íns	*íh₂n̥s (?)	*íh₂
genitive	*ésyo	*ésyeh₂s	*ésyo	*éysoHom	*íh₂soHom	*éysoHom
ablative	*ésmead (?)	*ésyeh₂s	*ésmead (?)	*éymos	*íh₂mos	*éymos
dative	*ésmey	*ésyeh₂ey	*ésmey	*éymos	*íh₂mos	*éymos
locative	*ésmi	*ésyeh₂(i)	*ésmi	*éysu	*íh₂su	*éysu
instrumental	*íh₁	?	*íh₁	*éybʰi	*íh₂bʰi	*éybʰi

Robert Beekes' reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*h₁e	*ih₂	*id	*h₁ey	*ih₂es	*ih₂
accusative	*im	*ih₂m̥	*id	*ins	*ih₂n̥s	*ih₂
genitive	*h₁éso	*h₁eseh₂s (?)	*h₁éso	*h₁éso(m)	*h₁éso(m)	*h₁éso(m)
ablative	*h₁esmōd	*h₁esmōd	*h₁esmōd	*h₁eyos	*h₁eyos	*h₁eyos
dative	*h₁esmōy	*h₁esieh₂ey	*h₁esmōy	*h₁eymus	*h₁eymus	*h₁eymus
locative	*h₁esmi	*h₁esyeh₂i	*h₁esmi	*h₁eysu	*h₁eysu	*h₁eysu
instrumental	*h₁ey (?)	*h₁ey (?)	*h₁ey (?)	*h₁eybʰi	*h₁eybʰi	*h₁eybʰi

Derived terms

*(h₁)yós (“which”)
*(h₁)óy-nos, *(h₁)óy-wos, *(h₁)óy-kos (“one”)
*h₁í-tero-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hítaras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hítaras
    - Sanskrit: इतर (ítara)
      - Pali: itara
      - → Gujarati: ઇતર (itar) (learned)
      - → Hindi: इतर (itar) (learned)
      - → Marathi: इइतरर (iitrar) (learned)
      - → Tamil: இதரம் (itaram) (learned)
      - Sindhi: एतरा m pl (etarā)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hítarah
    - Gurani: تر (tir)
    - Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: تر (tir)
      Southern Kurdish: تر (tir)
- Proto-Italic: *iteros, *iterom (adverbial accusative)
  - Latin: iterum
*h₁i-wr̥ (“in the manner of, like”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒄿𒉿𒅈
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hiwa (< *h₁i-wn̥?)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiwa
    - Sanskrit: इव (iva) (see there for further descendants)
⇒? *ḱ-ís
*h₁é-tero-^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *eteros (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ís

Proto-Albanian: *a-ei
- Albanian: ai (“he”)
Proto-Albanian: *a-jā
- Albanian: ajo (“she”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *is
- Latgalian: is, jis, jei
- Lithuanian: jis
- Proto-Slavic: *jь (< *yós) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *es (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *iz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ayám
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ayám
  - Sanskrit: अयम् m (ayám), इयम् f (iyam), इदम् n (idam)
- Proto-Iranian: *ayám
  - Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬇𐬨 (aiiə̄m), 𐬀𐬉𐬨 (aēm)
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬨 (aēm)
  - Kurdish:
    - Northern Kurdish: ê, yê
Proto-Italic: *is
- Latin: is, ea, id
- Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)
- Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)
- South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)
- Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *ja (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἴα (ía) (Hom.f. "one", from *íh₂), εἰ (ei), ἐπεί (epeí), εἶτα (eîta), εἴθε (eíthe), ἔνθα (éntha), ἔνθεν (énthen)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: अतस् (átas), अत्र (átra), अथ (átha), अथा (áthā), अद्धा (addhā́), अध (ádha), अह (áha), अधा (ádhā), आद् (ā́d), इतस् (itás), इतर (ítara), इति (íti), इत्थम् (itthám), इत्था (itthā́), इदा (idā́), इव (iva), इह (ihá), ईम् (īm), एतद् (etad) (see there for further descendants)
  - Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬬 (vīsv)
- Italic:
  - Latin: iste, ipse, ibī, ita, item, ecce (see there for further descendants)

References

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 56f
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 227–229
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 281
Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 73

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēterus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēterus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1]