User:DDG9912

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Wiktionary:Babel
idPengguna ini merupakan penutur asli bahasa Indonesia.
en-4This user speaks English at a near-native level.
fr-1Cet utilisateur dispose de connaissances de base en français.
bjn-1Pamakai ngini baisi ilmu pandal gasan Bahasa Banjar.
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This is basically the new account of DanielWhernchend (and now the main account). See also my userpage at English Wikipedia.

I normally only speak Indonesian, also understand some Banjarese (the closest to Indonesian). I have been unable to speak any regional language (this phenomenon is also common in parts of Indonesia). As a someone with a loud and fast accent, I have been stigmatised of being rude...

There's nothing unique in the general accent of Samarinda, since it have become very similar to that of Jakarta (or Betawi). Although bungul (“dumb”) does exist in Banjarese (and used in Samarinda), the synonymous term bongol also occurs in Jakarta. We can blame Jakarta-centrism for this, or the failure to introduce local terms.

Colloquial Indonesian is general, while Betawi is broad. Both of them exist in a continuum.

I don't know why words for "dandruff" in many languages have obscure etymology. Contrary to the popular belief, colloquial Indonesian (< Betawi) is not always very innovative, since it retains old Proto-Malayic final syllable *-eC instead of -aC (malem ~ malam, a conservative feature!).

Vulgarities > interjections > emotive particles > negators (see also aggressive mood in Finnish).

I would like to adapt French croissant into Indonesian as *kuasang or *kruasang rather than as existing kroisan (a spelling pronunciation).

The merger of /ə/ into /e/ in some varieties of Indonesia, reminds me of some Barito languages (although no longer productive due to borrowing from Banjarese) and the languages of Maluku.

The word revert is an example of a skunked term. I always interpret unstressed /ə/ in English as .

  DDG9912  

The Indonesian regency names of Toba (North Sumatra) and Tebo (Jambi), might be doublets, since they both evolved from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təbah.

My speech

  • I pronounce terus as /ˈtarus/.
  • I frequently lower /i/ and /u/ to /e/ and /o/.
  • kayak gitu → *kéitu or *kétu.
  • aku → *au (similar to Toba Batak ahu).
  • saya → *sé
  • ya → variably yo, yodah, *eudah, *edah, yaudah, *ya(d)dah, dah, and da (a false cognate of Russian да (da)).
  • Occasional loss of -l-:
  • ternyata → *treta
  • jangan → *jan.
  • I often have liaison, e.g. kulit ubi (/ˈkuli ˈtubi/)
  • I almost always pronounce pepet and lemper as /ˈpɛpɛt/ and /ˈlɛmpɛr/, not as original /ˈpəpət/ and /ˈləmpər/ (partially due to difficulty of pronouncing schwas in disyllabic words).
    • In general, the merger of /ə/ to /e/, while being common in North Sumatra and eastern Indonesia, it is still sporadic in standard Indonesian (e.g. terong and esa).
  • Pre-final syllables are frequently reduced into consonant + /ə/.
  • merek /ˈmɛrɛk/ instead of merk.
  • /ks/ > /ʃ/
  • /aja/ > .
  • /awa/ > .

My English accent

  • Non-rhotic accent (although spontaneously becomes rhotic again).
  • Vowel mergers:
    • Inconsistent near and square as /ɛː/.
    • mouth and start as /ɑː/.
  • Specific pronunciations:
    • H as /æʃ/ (French ache).
    • can as /kæn/ and can't as /kɑːn(t)/.
    • didn't as /dɪn(t)/ (irregular!).
    • French as /fɹɑːntʃ/ (irregular!).
    • Beaufort (a place in Sabah) as /boʊˈfɔː/ (mimicking French).
    • Several names of Spanish origin should be pronounced as in Tagalog.
  • I love to revive some archaisms.
  • hagelslag (/ˈhɑːxəlˌslæx/) to refer chocolate sprinkles (Indonesian meses).
  • bioscope for a cinema.
  • Never use New Guinea (analogical to Indonesian Nugini, a fossil word) in Indonesian contexts, Papua serves instead.

How most Indonesians pronounce English words

  • Lack of vowel length.
  • /æ/ → /ɛ/.
  • /eɪ/, /oʊ/ → /e/, /o/.
  • Final obstruent devoicing.
  • Rhotic accent, like that of the Philippines, but unlike Malaysia or Singapore.
  • Yod coalescence, sometimes occuring before /u/.
  • /ð/, /θ/ → /d/, /t/.
  • Confusion of /v/ and /f/, shared with Dutch English and some Dutch dialects (including Afrikaans).
  • Occasional omission of plurals, including -s (similar to spoken French), a Southeast Asian areal feature.
  • /iː/, /uː/ → sporadically /e/, /o/ due to written Dutch influence, although no one in the Netherlands nor in Belgium pronounce English words this way (these are almost always pronounced /i, u/, except in shampoo where /oː/ is used).

Spelling variations in Indonesian names

  • Use of Dutch digraphs, such as ch, sj, oe, and ie, due to the influence of Van Ophuijsen spelling.
  • Doubled letters, which are actually pronounced as single.
  • Other silent letters, such as h after consonants or in few other cases, t (as in my name Danisht) or c (as in Priscilla).
    • Shabrina is an unique case, -h- was added to original Sabrina due to folk etymology. However, sh- can be pronounced either as /s/ or /ʃ/.
  • Variation between -y- ~ -w- and -i- ~ -u-, especially when adjacent to vowels and being word-finally.
  • Eccentric letters, including c ~ q ~ k, x ~ ks.

Other notes on Indonesian names

  • Indonesian modern naming customs have more similarities with those in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East, particularly southern Europe and the Levant. Dutch and English, also influence the naming occasionally.
  • Emily is rarely used in Indonesia (with notable exception of Emily Laras, the name of an Indonesian celebrity popular in early 2010s), and the Latinate version Emilia (from Italy or Spain) serves instead. Charlotte and Marilou are extremely rare too.
    • That's why Indonesians would prefer Italian or Spanish names instead of French ones.
  • The reason why there are only few "very popular" names in Indonesia, it is because many of the younger people have irregular spellings on their names (see above), rendered as distinct names.
  • Southern Romance (incl. Spanish and Italian) name suffixes -iana, -ina and -ita are common in female names.
  • Note that full names are mostly only stressed on the first name. Indonesian names are in fact treated as a single name.
  • Muhammad is technically a name prefix in Indonesian, if there is such, then the person is called with the following names onwards.
  • Azzahra is such a confusing name. Unlike surnames, it is not an inherited name, but it most often placed last (or second) to female names, making it a special case of epithet. Other cases include Ramadhani.
Such names may become proper surnames if it is inherited by their children, similar to the case of Angelina Jolie (the original surname was removed, and her second name became a surname, inherited by her children).

Place name details

Miscellaneous

Indonesian recension of Arabic

  • ا (’alif) and ع (‘ayn) merge into /ʔ/
  • ح (ḥā’) and ه (hā’) merge into /h/
  • ك (kāf) and ق (qāf) merge into /k/
  • غ (ġayn) is pronounced as /ɡ/
  • اَ (fatḥa) is pronounced as /o/ after emphatic consonants and /a/ elsewhere (even before emphatic consonants)

PMP reflexes in Bulungan and Tidung

This proves that Bulungan and Tidung belong to different branches of Malayo-Polynesian.

PMP → Bulungan Tidung
*b b w, b
*d d r, d
*ʀ r ∅, g
*a a, e a, o
*ə ə, o a, o
  1. ^ Word-finally or when preceded by *ə. In word-initial position, reflexes varied between w and b.
  2. ^ Word-finally or when preceded by *ə. In word-initial position, reflexes varied between w and b.
  3. ^ Word-finally or when preceded by *ə.
  4. ^ Before velars (*k, *ŋ) in final syllables.
  5. ^ In final syllables.
  6. ^ In final syllables.
  7. ^ In final syllables, or when followed by another syllables containing *ə.

English pronunciation features that won't exist among native speakers

This includes features that don't exist in English varieties of Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

  • Indiscriminate merger of /æ/ with /ɛ/, /eɪ/, or /ʌ/.
  • Non-distinction between long and short vowels (/ɪ/ vs. /iː/).
  • Non-aspiration of voiceless plosives /p/, /t/, /tʃ/, and /k/.

Cognate meanings in Indo-European

Resources

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia