美德

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See also: 美徳

Chinese

		beautiful; beauty; America	Germany; virtue; goodness Germany; virtue; goodness; morality; ethics; kindness; favour; character; kind
trad. (美德)		美	德
simp. ^#(美德)		美	德

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): měidé

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄟˇ ㄉㄜˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mei⁵ dak¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mî-tet
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bí-tiak / bí-tek

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: měidé
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˇ ㄉㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: měidé
  - Wade–Giles: mei³-tê²
  - Yale: měi-dé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meeider
  - Palladius: мэйдэ (mɛjdɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: mei⁵ dak¹
  - Yale: méih dāk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mei⁵ dak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: méi⁵ deg¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mei̯¹³ tɐk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mî-tet
  - Hakka Romanization System: mi^ˊ ded^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mi¹ ded⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /mi²⁴ tet̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-tiak
  - Tâi-lô: bí-tiak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: by'diag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-tek
  - Tâi-lô: bí-tik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: by'deg
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

Middle Chinese: mijX tok

Rime
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	脂 (17)	德 (131)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	無鄙切	多則切
Baxter	mijX	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiɪ^X/	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚi^X/	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/miɪ^X/	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mji^X/	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/mji^X/	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/mi^X/	/tək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi^X/	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mǐ	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mei⁵	dak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*rəjʔ tˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*mriʔ tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	měi	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ mij^X ›	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*rəjʔ/	/*tˁək/
English	beautiful	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8951	17266
Phonetic component	美	直
Rime group	脂	職
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	美	德
Old Chinese	/*mriʔ/	/*tɯːɡ/
Notes	甲文象大人首插翎羽表美觀，取陳獨秀說

Noun

美德

virtue (behaviour of a high moral standard); noble attribute
孝順是中華民族的傳統美德。 [MSC, trad.]
孝顺是中华民族的传统美德。 [MSC, simp.]
Xiàoshùn shì zhōnghuámínzú de chuántǒng měidé.
Filial piety is a traditional virtue of the Chinese people.
- 美德之光能盈滿每個靈魂。 [MSC, trad.]
  美德之光能盈满每个灵魂。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2004, 八尾半 (“Eight-and-a-Half-Tails”), in 《神河群英录》 (Chronicles of the Champions of Kamigawa), Wizards of the Coast
  Měidé zhī guāng néng yíngmǎn měi ge línghún.
  Virtue is an inner light that can prevail in every soul.

Synonyms

(literary) 俊德 (jùndé)

Antonyms

(rare) 惡德／恶德 (èdé)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (美德):

→ Japanese: 美(び)徳(とく) (bitoku)
→ Korean: 미덕(美德) (mideok)

Korean

Hanja in this term
美	德

Noun

美德 • (mideok) (hangeul 미덕)

hanja form^? of 미덕 (“virtue”)

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