惡德

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Chinese

		evil; to hate; to loathe evil; to hate; to loathe; nauseated	Germany; virtue; goodness Germany; virtue; goodness; morality; ethics; kindness; favour; character; kind
trad. (惡德)		惡	德
simp. (恶德)		恶	德

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): èdé

(Zhuyin): ㄜˋ ㄉㄜˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ok³ dak¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: èdé
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˋ ㄉㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: èdé
  - Wade–Giles: o⁴-tê²
  - Yale: è-dé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ehder
  - Palladius: эдэ (edɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ok³ dak¹
  - Yale: ok dāk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ok⁸ dak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: og³ deg¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔːk̚³ tɐk̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: 'ak tok

Rime
Character	惡	德
Reading #	3/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)	德 (131)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	烏各切	多則切
Baxter	'ak	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔak̚/	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/ɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	e	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ok³	dak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤak tˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*qaːɡ tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	惡	德
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔak ›	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔˁak/	/*tˁək/
English	bad, ugly	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	惡	德
Reading #	3/3	1/1
No.	14220	17266
Phonetic component	亞	直
Rime group	鐸	職
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	惡	德
Old Chinese	/*qaːɡ/	/*tɯːɡ/

Noun

惡德

(now rare) vice; immorality; corruption
- 爵罔及惡德，惟其賢。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  爵罔及恶德，惟其贤。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE
  Jué wǎng jí èdé, wéi qí xián.
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 自然，嘴脣乾和頭皮癢，古今的聖賢都不稱它為美德，但好像也沒有斥為惡德的。 [MSC, trad.]
  自然，嘴唇干和头皮痒，古今的圣贤都不称它为美德，但好像也没有斥为恶德的。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1933 March 28, Lu Xun, 《文人無文》
  Zìrán, zuǐchún qián hé tóupí yǎng, gǔjīn de shèngxián dōu bù chēng tā wèi měidé, dàn hǎoxiàng yě méiyǒu chì wèi èdé de.
  Naturally, dried lips and itchy scalps weren't praised as virtues by sages then and now, but they also weren't condemned as vices.

Antonyms

(literary) 俊德 (jùndé)
美德 (měidé)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (惡德):

→ Japanese: 悪徳(あくとく) (akutoku)
→ Korean: 악덕(惡德) (akdeok)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
惡	德
あく Jinmeiyō	とく Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

Noun

惡(あく)德(とく) • (akutoku)

Kyūjitai form of 悪徳: vice; immorality; corruption

Korean

Hanja in this term
惡	德

Noun

惡德 • (akdeok) (hangeul 악덕)

hanja form^? of 악덕 (“vice; immorality; corruption”)

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