華夏

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See also: 华夏

Chinese

flourishing; illustrious grand
trad. (華夏) 華 夏
simp. (华夏) 华 夏
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Etymology

Attested in the Zuo Zhuan:

楚失華夏，則析公之為也。
楚失华夏，则析公之为也。
From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
Chǔ shī Huáxià, zé Xī Gōng zhī wéi yě.
That Chu lost the allegiance of the flourishing and grand ("華夏") central states was the doing of the lord of Xi.

A line in the Zuo Zhuan features the words 夏 (OC *ɡraːʔ) and 華 (OC *ɡʷraː) used in a parallel structure.

裔不謀夏，夷不亂華。
裔不谋夏，夷不乱华。
From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
Yì bù móu xià, yí bù luàn huá.
The borderers may not plot against the grand ("夏") domains; the aliens should not sow chaos among the flourishing ("華") peoples.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 華 夏
Reading # 1/3 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麻 (99) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 戸花切 胡雅切
Baxter hwae haeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠua/ /ɦˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦʷᵚa/ /ɦᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣua/ /ɣaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwaɨ/ /ɦaɨX/
Li
Rong 		/ɣua/ /ɣaX/
Wang
Li 		/ɣwa/ /ɣaX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣwa/ /ɣaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huá xià
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		waa4 haa6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 華 夏
Reading # 2/3 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		huá xià
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwæ › ‹ hæX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-qʷʰˁra/ /*ˁraʔ/
English flower (v.); flowery (adj.) great; pertaining to Chinese civilization

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 華 夏
Reading # 2/3 1/2
No. 5312 13452
Phonetic
component 		華 夏
Rime
group 		魚 魚
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		華 下
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡʷraː/ /*ɡraːʔ/
Notes 說文於聲

Proper noun

華夏

  1. (poetic, historical) Huaxia (the land of Chinese culture, particularly in ancient historical contexts, as distinguished from non-Chinese barbarians)
    華夏古樂／华夏古乐  ―  huáxià gǔyuè  ―  ancient music of the Chinese nation
  2. China

Synonyms

  • (China):

Compounds

Descendants

  • → Lü: ᦩᦱᧉᦉᦱᧈ (xwaa²ṡaa¹)

Korean

Hanja in this term
華夏

Noun

華夏 • (hwaha) (hangeul 화하)

  1. hanja form? of 화하 (“China”)
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