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Translingual
Han character
蒜 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿一火火 (TMFF), four-corner 44991, composition ⿱艹祘)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1048, character 22
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31562
- Dae Jaweon: page 1510, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3259, character 13
- Unihan data for U+849C
Chinese
Glyph origin
|
Old Chinese
|
蒜
|
*sloːns
|
祘
|
*sloːns
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *sloːns) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 祘 (OC *sloːns).
Etymology
Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (“garlic”), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the Qin–Han era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵蒜 (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory.
Compare Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone 算 (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese sārmā- (“the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra”), Hungarian sárma (“Ornithogalum sp.”), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims).
Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, “onion”), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, “garlic”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Pinyin): suàn (suan4)
- (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄢˋ
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): suan4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): суан (suan, III)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): syun3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhon4
- Gan (Wiktionary): son4
- Hakka
- (Sixian, PFS): son
- (Meixian, Guangdong): son4
- Jin (Wiktionary): suan3
- Northern Min (KCR): so̤̿ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): sáung
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): soàn / sǹg
- (Teochew, Peng'im): seng3
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sonn4
Note:
- soàn - literary;
- sǹg - vernacular.
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
Character
|
蒜
|
Reading #
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1/1
|
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
|
suàn
|
Middle Chinese
|
‹ swanH ›
|
Old Chinese
|
/*ˁor-s/
|
English
|
garlic
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
Zhengzhang system (2003)
|
Character
|
蒜
|
Reading #
|
1/1
|
No.
|
12133
|
Phonetic component
|
祘
|
Rime group
|
元
|
Rime subdivision
|
3
|
Corresponding MC rime
|
筭
|
Old Chinese
|
/*sloːns/
|
Definitions
蒜
- garlic
Synonyms
Compounds
Descendants
Japanese
Kanji
蒜
(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)
Readings
Etymology 1
Alternative spellings
|
大蒜 葫 忍辱
|
Origin uncertain. There are two leading theories.
- ⟨nipopi1⟩ + ⟨niku⟩ → */nipopi niku/ → */nipniku/ → /ninniku/
- Deriving as a shift in meaning from Buddhist term 忍辱 (ninniku, “patience, forbearance, forgiveness”). Apparently garlic was seen as stimulating, and as such it was a forbidden food and monks would have to forbear from eating it, possibly giving rise to use of the term as a euphemism.
Pronunciation
Noun
蒜 or 蒜 • (ninniku)
- garlic
Usage notes
As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ニンニク.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *peru (“garlic”). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Pronunciation
Noun
蒜 • (hiru)
- allium
Derived terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “ニンニク/大蒜/葫/にんにく”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
- ^ “ニンニク・大蒜”, in 日本辞典 (Nihon Jiten, “Japan Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2007–2017.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ^ “蒜・葫”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
Kikai
Kanji
蒜
(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)
Readings
Etymology
Cognate with Japanese 蒜 (hiru).
Noun
蒜 (firu)
- garlic
References
- “ふぃる【蒜・葫】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Korean
Hanja
蒜 • (san) (hangeul 산, revised san, McCune–Reischauer san, Yale san)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Okinawan
Kanji
蒜
(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)
Readings
Etymology
Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as ひる.
Noun
蒜 (hiru)
- garlic
References
Yoron
Kanji
蒜
(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)
Readings
Etymology
Cognate with Japanese 蒜 (hiru).
Noun
蒜 (piru)
- garlic
References
- “ぴる【蒜・葫】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.