Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰel-

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

    *bʰel-

    2. to sound; to speak, roar, bark

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (sound) (9 c, 0 e)
    • *bʰleh₁-
    • *bʰel(h₁)-nos (n-participle)
      • Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“bell”) (*-eh₂ reflex) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bellaną (“to roar”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰol-s-(o-)s ((thematicized) s-stem)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balsas
        • Latgalian: bolss (“voice”)
        • Latvian: balss (“voice”)
        • Lithuanian: balsas (“voice”)
        • Samogitian: balsos
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰálšas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰā́ṣas (possibly via Fortunatov's law)
          • ⇒? Sanskrit: भाषा f (bhāṣā, “speech, language”) (see there for further descendants)
            • ⇒? Sanskrit: भाष् (bhāṣ, “to speak”, reanalyzed root) (see derived terms)
    • *bʰl̥- (zero-grade)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *biltei
        • Lithuanian: bilti (“to speak”)
        • ⇒ Lithuanian: byla (“speech; case, file”)
        • Old Prussian: billīt, billītwei (“to say, speak”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *bьltati (“to babble”) (extended with -t-)
    • *bʰl̥d- (zero-grade, extended with -d-)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bilstei
        • Lithuanian: bilsti (“to knock, rumble”)
        • Latvian: bilst (“to utter”) (bildu)
        • Latvian: bildēt (“to speak”)
        • Lithuanian: bildėti (“to knock, make noise”)
      • Proto-Germanic:
    • Unsorted formations
      • (perhaps) Proto-Tocharian: *päl- (“to praise, commend”)

    Root

      *bʰel-

      2. ? to blaze, burn; to glow, shine, be bright or brightly colored
      3. ? bright flame, fire
        Synonyms: *h₁n̥gʷnís, *h₂eh₁ter-, *h₂eydʰ-, *péh₂wr̥
      5. shiny, white

      Reconstruction notes

      The inclusion of descendants meaning “marsh” is doubtful and has also been attributed to substrate origin; see Proto-Germanic *pōlaz for more.

      Derived terms

      Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (shiny) (6 c, 0 e)
      • *bʰólH-teh₂
      • *bʰél-g-os- ~ *bʰél-g-es-
      • *bʰle-g-
      • *bʰl̥-g-eh₁-ye-ti
        • Proto-Italic: *folgēō
          • Latin: fulgeō (see there for further descendants)
      • *bʰl̥-g-os-
        • Pre-Latin: *folgos
          • Latin: fulgur (see there for further descendants)
      • *bʰl̥-g-ro-
      • *bʰl̥-g-mh₂
      • ⇒? *bʰl-ey-ǵ-
      • *bʰel-h₁-, *bʰl-eh₁-
        • ⇒ *bʰl̥h₁-wó-s
          • ⇒? *bʰl̥h₁-u-k-
          • Proto-Italic: *flāwos
            • >? Latin: flāvus (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
        • *bʰolH-o-
          • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
            • Latgalian: bõls (“pale, dull”)
            • Latvian: bāls (“pale”)
            • Lithuanian: bãlas (“white, anemone”)
            • Samogitian: bals (“anemone”)
        • *bʰl̥H-o-
        • *bʰḗlH-o- / *bʰl̥-ós
          • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
            • Proto-Slavic: *bělъ (“white”) (see there for further descendants)
          • Proto-Germanic: *bēlą (“(bon)fire, pyre”)
      • Unsorted formations

      Root

        *bʰel-

        2. to blow, to swell up

        Derived terms

        Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (blow) (35 c, 0 e)
        • *bʰel-ǵʰ-
        • *bʰl-eh₁-
        • *bʰl-ew-
        • *bʰl-eh₂-yé-ti
        • *bʰél-mn̥
        • *bʰél-ō ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round object”, n-stem noun) (Pokorny considered a heteroclitic *bʰélr̥ ~ *bʰl̥nés)
          • Proto-Germanic: *bullô m, *bullǭ f (“ball, bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
          • Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“~ knoll”)
          • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰə́llōn (with schwa and geminate *ll taken from the oblique stem)
            • Ancient Greek: *φάλλων (*phállōn)
              • ⇒? Ancient Greek: φάλλαινα (phállaina, “whale”) (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ *bʰól-ō (o-grade)
          • ⇒ *bʰl-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round body part, penis, testicle?”)
            • Proto-Germanic: *bulô, *bullô (“bull”) (see there for further descendants)
            • ⇒ *bʰl̥n-ós
              • Proto-Celtic: *ballos (see there for further descendants)
              • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰəllós
                • Ancient Greek: φαλλός (phallós) (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ *bʰ(o)ln-is
            • Proto-Italic: *folnis
              • Latin: follis (“bag; bellows; ball”) (and/or from *bʰelǵʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)
        • *bʰol-tos (t-participle)
          • >? Proto-Germanic: *balþaz (“bold”) (see there for further descendants)
        • Unsorted formations:
          • →? Ancient Greek: βαλλίον (ballíon) (from a dialect that preserved the voicing of *bʰ)
          • Ancient Greek: φάλης (phálēs)
          • German: Bille (“penis”) (dialectal)

        Root

          *bʰel-

          2. henbane

          Reconstruction notes

          Pokorny lists *bhel- "henbane" separately but allows the possibility that it is the same as *bhel- "shiny, white." Neither Derksen, nor Kroonen gloss their PIE reconstructions for "henbane".

          Derived terms

          Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (henbane) (2 c, 0 e)
          • *bʰel-(e)n-
            • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: (thematicized)
              • Proto-Slavic: *bel(e)nъ (“day-dream, henbane”) (see there for further descendants)
          • ? *bʰel-ek- or *bʰel-iḱ-
            • Proto-Italic: *feleks, *feliks
              • >? Latin: filix (“fern”) (see there for further descendants)
          • *bʰel-es-
          • Unsorted formations

          References

          1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bellan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58
          2. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “bilst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca ‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
          3. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bildėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 90
          4. ^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “болтать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
          5. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “päl-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 402-403
          6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “flagrō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224: “PIt. * flagro-, *flagma. The noun flamma reflects a noun *flag-ma from a zero grade *bʰl̥-g-m-”
          7. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 177: “flamma < *bhlagmā”
          8. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “blokër”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 30
          9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bělъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40
          10. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bēla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 57
          11. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. bhel-, bhlē-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 120–122
          12. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bellōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58
          13. ^ Leumann, Manu, Hofmann, Johann Baptist, Szantyr, Anton (1977) Lateinische Grammatik: Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre, CH Beck, page 158f
          14. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ballan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50: “nom. *balō, gen. *ballaz < *bʰol-ōn, *bʰl-n-ós”
          15. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bul(l)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 83–84
          16. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*balþ/da-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
          17. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 120
          18. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bel(e)nъ, *belena, *bolnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35
          19. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “filix”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220
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