Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/teh₂g-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root 1

*teh₂g-

to touch
to grasp, take with the hand

Alternative reconstructions

*tag-
*teg-

Reconstruction notes

Notes on this reconstruction

Attempts have been made to connect this set with Proto-Germanic *tēkaną, *takaną (“to touch; to grasp, take”) and Tocharian B täk- (“to touch, feel (with the hand); to fetch”), ceśäṃ (3sg.pres.), which eo ipso point to Proto-Indo-European *deh₁g- (or *deg-/*dēg-, which would appear to violate the constraint that prohibits PIE roots of the shape *DeD-); the initial stop in Germanic and the vowel in Tocharian preclude any regular derivation from *teh₂g- or *tag-. Hamp, in an effort to explain both problems at once, has suggested a root *teg- as the source of all of these terms, with zero-grade *tₔg-, which he assumes in pre-Germanic assimilated to *dg-, as the source of forms with /a/ (< *). However, this leaves Greek /a/ (zero vowel expected) and the long vowel in Gothic 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tēkan) unexplained. Mottausch's solution is to assume the reduplicated form *te-th₂g- gave rise to pre-Germanic *te-dg-, with regular deletion of an interconsonantal laryngeal in an unstressed syllable plus voicing assimilation, which was back-formed to *de-dg- to restore normal reduplication (paralleling PIE *píph₃eti > *píbeti > Latin bibit); the Tocharian may tentatively be grouped under the same formation. Per Kortlandt, the Germanic long *ē may thus have developed from dissimilation of this *dedg- to glottalic *deh₁g- (cf. *penkʷe-dḱomt (“fifty”) > *penkʷēḱomt > Ancient Greek πεντήκοντα (pentḗkonta), Sanskrit पञ्चाशत् (pañcāśát), Latin quīnquāgintā). Kroonen upholds this derivation although notes the great difficulties involved. For a partial alternative, he suggests a back-formation of *tēkaną from iterative *þakkōną (cf. *slapp/bōną ⇒ *slēpaną). Ringe contends that either pre-Germanic or pre-Tocharian borrowed the word from the other.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teh₂g- (touch)‎ (23 c, 0 e)

Verbs:

*té-th₂g-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
- ⇒ *te-th₂g-ónt-s (participle)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *tetagṓn
    - Ancient Greek: τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having taken”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *tēkaną (< *deh₁g- < *dedg- < *tedg-?) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *tetagai (indic.perf.)
  - Latin: tetigī (act.perf.)
- >? Proto-Tocharian: *tēke
  - Tocharian B: täk- (secondary ä after full-grade cek-)
  - ⇒ Tocharian B: tetekor (“touch”, noun)
*te-tóh₂g-e ~ *te-th₂g-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *tetōk (“took”, act.ind.past)
  - Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌺 (taitōk)
- >? Proto-Italic: *tag-ā-
  - Old Latin: (subj.)
*tóh₂g-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *takaną
  - Old Norse: taka (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: (subj.)
*th₂-né-g-ti ~ th₂-n-g-énti or *th₂g-néh₂-ti
- >? Proto-Celtic: *tongeti (“swears”, verb) (with unusual o-grade) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *þakkōną (“to touch lightly, stroke”) (or *þakwōną, derived from *téh₂g-us ~ *th₂g-éw-s?) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-West Germanic:
    - Old Saxon: thakolōn (“stroke”)
- Proto-Italic: *tangō
  - Latin: tangō (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Marrucinian: taa
  - >? Volscian: atahut
*téh₂g-se-ti
- Proto-Italic: *taksō
  - Latin: taxō (see there for further descendants)
*th₂g-yé-ti
- >? Proto-Germanic: *takjaną
  - Proto-West Germanic: *takkjan
    - Old Frisian: tetsia (“to appropriate”)

Nominal formations:

*téh₂g(-s)-mn̥ (“contact”, noun)
- ⇒ Latin: con-tāmin-ō (“bring into contact, touch”, verb) (see there for further descendants)
*n̥-th₂g-ró-s (“untouched”, adjective)
- Proto-Italic: *əntagros (see there for further descendants)
*téh₂g-slo-s
- Proto-Italic: *tākslos
  - >? Latin: tālus (“ankle(bone), knuckle(bone)”) (see there for further descendants)
*téh₂(n)g-(s)-mn̥
- Proto-Celtic: *tanxsman?
  - ⇒ Proto-Brythonic: (verb)
    - >? Welsh: teimlo (“to touch, feel”)

Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Armenian:
  - ⇒ Old Armenian: թակարդ (tʻakard, “trap, snare”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Armenian:
  - ⇒ Old Armenian: թաթ (tʻatʻ, “sole (of the foot), palm; pouch; scale”) (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teh₂⁽ǵ⁾- ‘berühren, fassen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 616–617
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “täk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 305–306:
It is particularly noteworthy that the long-grade thematic present formation (like those seen in klyaus-, klep- or tänk-, qq.v.) of TchB is exactly matched by Gothic tēkan and the (PIE) o-grade present (Tocharian subjunctive) is exactly matched by Old Norse taka.
^ Mottausch, Karl-Heinz (1993) “Zwei verkannte germanisch-italische Isoglossen”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 106, pages 148–175
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Kortlandt, Frederik H.H. (2000) “Old Norse taka, Gothic tekan, Greek τεταγών”, in North-Western European Language Evolution, volume 36, pages 59–65
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*takan- ~ *tēkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 507: “The Germanic strong verb is clearly derived from PIE *teh₂g-, but the development of this root into *takan- and *tēkan- is not straightforward. […]”
^ Ringe, Don (1988–1990) “Evidence for the Position of Tocharian in the Indo-European Family?”, in Sprache, volume 34, published 1991, page 105-15 of 59–123
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tangō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 606–607: “PIE pr. *th₂-n-g- ‘to touch’”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þak(k)ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 532: “*th₂g-néh₂- (IE)”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tong-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 383: “PIE *th₂og-?”
^
^{The template Template:R:cy:WGHC does not use the parameter(s): passage=W. ''mni̯'' > ''ml'' in ''teimlo'' ‘to feel’ < *''teimni̯o'' < *''tamn-'' < *''tang-smen‑'': Lat. ''tango''.
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 160
^ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “թակարդ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 255a
^ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “թաթ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 253

Root 2

*teh₂g-

to order, arrange; to establish
to command, rule

Alternative reconstructions

*tag-

Reconstruction notes

In view of reflexes which show a short vowel /a/, LIV prefers a reconstruction with the marginal, controversial phoneme *a. Beekes finds no issue with *teh₂g-, so long as the Old Persian descendant lost its laryngeal due to Lubotsky's law in Indo-Iranian (*HDC > *DC). Both sources agree however that the long vowel in Ancient Greek τᾱγός (tāgós) is unexpected.

Perhaps originally the same root as *teh₂g- (“to touch”). (See the meanings of Latin taxō (“to touch > to estimate, reckon”), and for a parallel semantic development compare Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take, receive”) > Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“to have control, rule”).)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teh₂g- (order)‎ (6 c, 0 e)

Verbs:

*téh₂g-se-ti (desiderative)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τάξω (táxō, “will establish, will order”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - ⇒ Old Persian: (ham-ataxšatā, “makes an effort to be orderly”)
*th₂g-yé-ti
- ⇒? *th₂g-t-yé-ti (or change of the suffix in Greek by analogy with the aorist)
  - >? Proto-Hellenic: *taťťō
    - Ancient Greek: τάσσω (tássō, “establish, arrange, post”)
      Attic Greek: τάττω (táttō)

Nominal formations:

*th₂g-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *tagā́
  - Ancient Greek: ταγή (tagḗ, “array, order, supply”)
*téh₂g-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *tágmə
  - Ancient Greek: τάγμα (tágma, “ordinance, command”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tágma
  - Proto-Iranian: *tágma
    - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      - ⇒? Parthian: 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /⁠tagma-dāra-⁠/, “commander”, a title, literally “order-giver”)
*teh₂g-ó-s
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *tāgós
  - Ancient Greek: τᾱγός (tāgós, “commander, ruler”) (see there for further descendants)
*téh₂g-yu-s
- Proto-Tocharian: (“commander, chief”)
  - Tocharian A: tāśśi pl
  - Tocharian B: tāś

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τάσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1454–1455
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*tag- ‘ordnen, anordnen, aufstellen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 615
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “tāś”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 304: “PIE *tāgyu-”

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teh₂⁽ǵ⁾- ‘berühren, fassen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 616–617

[DTB-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “täk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 305–306:
It is particularly noteworthy that the long-grade thematic present formation (like those seen in klyaus-, klep- or tänk-, qq.v.) of TchB is exactly matched by Gothic tēkan and the (PIE) o-grade present (Tocharian subjunctive) is exactly matched by Old Norse taka.

[3] Mottausch, Karl-Heinz (1993) “Zwei verkannte germanisch-italische Isoglossen”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 106, pages 148–175

[Kortlandt-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Kortlandt, Frederik H.H. (2000) “Old Norse taka, Gothic tekan, Greek τεταγών”, in North-Western European Language Evolution, volume 36, pages 59–65

[EDPG-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*takan- ~ *tēkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 507: “The Germanic strong verb is clearly derived from PIE *teh₂g-, but the development of this root into *takan- and *tēkan- is not straightforward. […]”

[6] Ringe, Don (1988–1990) “Evidence for the Position of Tocharian in the Indo-European Family?”, in Sprache, volume 34, published 1991, page 105-15 of 59–123

[EDL-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tangō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 606–607: “PIE pr. *th₂-n-g- ‘to touch’”

[EDPG2-8] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þak(k)ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 532: “*th₂g-néh₂- (IE)”

[9] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tong-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 383: “PIE *th₂og-?”

[10] {The template Template:R:cy:WGHC does not use the parameter(s): passage=W. ''mni̯'' > ''ml'' in ''teimlo'' ‘to feel’ < *''teimni̯o'' < *''tamn-'' < *''tang-smen‑'': Lat. ''tango''.
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 160

[11] J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “թակարդ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 255a

[12] J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “թաթ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 253

[EDG-13] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τάσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1454–1455

[LIV-14] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*tag- ‘ordnen, anordnen, aufstellen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 615

[15] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “tāś”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 304: “PIE *tāgyu-”

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/teh₂g-

Contents

Proto-Indo-European

Root 1

Alternative reconstructions

Reconstruction notes

Derived terms

References

See also

Root 2

Alternative reconstructions

Reconstruction notes

Derived terms

References

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia