penar

From pena +‎ -ar.

penar (first-person singular present peno, first-person singular preterite pení, past participle penat); root stress: (Central) /ɛ/; (Balearic, Valencia) /e/

1. to punish

   Synonyms: penalitzar, castigar

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese penar. By surface analysis, pena +‎ -ar.

• Hyphenation: pe‧nar

penar (first-person singular present peno, first-person singular preterite penei, past participle penado)

1. (intransitive) to be in pain
2. (intransitive) to suffer
3. (transitive) to cause pain to; make suffer
4. (transitive) to suffer the consequences of
5. (reflexive) to grieve

penar m (plural penares)

1. suffering; bitterness; hurt

The noun is a deverbal of the verb inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese since there are no samples of use as a noun in the ancestral language.

• “penar”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024
• “penar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024

• penal

From earlier form penal, from German Pennal, from Medieval Latin pennale, from penna (“feather”). It originally referred to a case to hold quills.

• IPA^(key):

penar n (plural penare)

1. pencil case

   Synonym: plumieră

• pană

• IPA^(key): /peˈnaɾ/
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: pe‧nar

penar (first-person singular present peno, first-person singular preterite pené, past participle penado)

1. (transitive) to punish

   Synonym: castigar

2. (intransitive) to suffer

   Synonym: sufrir

   • 1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 194:

     Las ánimas de los criminales condenados a muerte por la justicia, penan en los sitios donde cometieron sus delitos y alrededor del patíbulo en que los expiaron.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

• “penar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10