staarabu

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Swahili

Etymology

From Arabic اِسْتَعْرَبَ (istaʕraba, “to adopt Arab customs”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Adjective

staarabu (invariable)

  1. civilized, cultivated
  2. wise

Derived terms

Verb

-staarabu (infinitive kustaarabu)

  1. to be civilized, be polite and well-mannered

Conjugation

Conjugation of -staarabu
Positive present -nastaarabu
Subjunctive -staarabu
Negative -staarabu
Imperative singular staarabu
Infinitives
Positive kustaarabu
Negative kutostaarabu
Imperatives
Singular staarabu
Plural staarabuni
Tensed forms
Habitual hustaarabu
Positive past positive subject concord + -listaarabu
Negative past negative subject concord + -kustaarabu
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nastaarabu)
Singular Plural
1st person ninastaarabu/nastaarabu tunastaarabu
2nd person unastaarabu mnastaarabu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anastaarabu wanastaarabu
other classes positive subject concord + -nastaarabu
Negative present (negative subject concord + -staarabu)
Singular Plural
1st person sistaarabu hatustaarabu
2nd person hustaarabu hamstaarabu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) hastaarabu hawastaarabu
other classes negative subject concord + -staarabu
Positive future positive subject concord + -tastaarabu
Negative future negative subject concord + -tastaarabu
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -staarabu)
Singular Plural
1st person nistaarabu tustaarabu
2nd person ustaarabu mstaarabu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) astaarabu wastaarabu
other classes positive subject concord + -staarabu
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sistaarabu
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngestaarabu
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singestaarabu
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalistaarabu
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalistaarabu
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -astaarabu)
Singular Plural
1st person nastaarabu twastaarabu
2nd person wastaarabu mwastaarabu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) astaarabu wastaarabu
m-mi(III/IV) wastaarabu yastaarabu
ji-ma(V/VI) lastaarabu yastaarabu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chastaarabu vyastaarabu
n(IX/X) yastaarabu zastaarabu
u(XI) wastaarabu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwastaarabu
pa(XVI) pastaarabu
mu(XVIII) mwastaarabu
Perfect positive subject concord + -mestaarabu
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshastaarabu
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jastaarabu
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kistaarabu
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipostaarabu
Consecutive kastaarabu / positive subject concord + -kastaarabu
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kastaarabu
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nistaarabu -tustaarabu
2nd person -kustaarabu -wastaarabu/-kustaarabuni/-wastaarabuni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mstaarabu -wastaarabu
m-mi(III/IV) -ustaarabu -istaarabu
ji-ma(V/VI) -listaarabu -yastaarabu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kistaarabu -vistaarabu
n(IX/X) -istaarabu -zistaarabu
u(XI) -ustaarabu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kustaarabu
pa(XVI) -pastaarabu
mu(XVIII) -mustaarabu
Reflexive -jistaarabu
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -staarabu- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -staarabuye -staarabuo
m-mi(III/IV) -staarabuo -staarabuyo
ji-ma(V/VI) -staarabulo -staarabuyo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -staarabucho -staarabuvyo
n(IX/X) -staarabuyo -staarabuzo
u(XI) -staarabuo see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -staarabuko
pa(XVI) -staarabupo
mu(XVIII) -staarabumo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -staarabu)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yestaarabu -ostaarabu
m-mi(III/IV) -ostaarabu -yostaarabu
ji-ma(V/VI) -lostaarabu -yostaarabu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chostaarabu -vyostaarabu
n(IX/X) -yostaarabu -zostaarabu
u(XI) -ostaarabu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kostaarabu
pa(XVI) -postaarabu
mu(XVIII) -mostaarabu
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Baldi, Sergio (2020 November 30) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203 Nr. 1826
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