融
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Translingual
Han character
融 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一月中一戈 (MBLMI), four-corner 15236, composition ⿰鬲虫)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1092, character 42
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 33384
- Dae Jaweon: page 1557, character 28
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2877, character 8
- Unihan data for U+878D
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
融 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𧖓 | |
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *luŋ) : semantic 鬲 (“cauldron”) + phonetic 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).
Etymology
“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.
Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, “to burn; to be burnt; to scorch”). Related to 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), 爞 (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: 焰 (OC *loms, “fire”).
It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:
- 融 (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
- 鎔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
- 熔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
- 溶 (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yong2
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jung4
- Gan (Wiktionary): iung4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): yng1
- Northern Min (KCR): ě̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6yon
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): iong2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: róng
- Wade–Giles: jung2
- Yale: rúng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rong
- Palladius: жун (žun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐʊŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: yong2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: yng
- Sinological IPA (key): /yoŋ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jung4
- Yale: yùhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: jung4
- Guangdong Romanization: yung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jʊŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: iung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /iuŋ³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
- Hakka Romanization System: iungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yung2
- Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yung2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: yng1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ỹŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /œyŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hyŋ⁵³/, /yŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- hṳ̀ng - colloquial;
- ṳ̀ng - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiông
- Tâi-lô: hiông
- Phofsit Daibuun: hioong
- IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: iong5 / ion5 / iên5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iông / iôⁿ / iêⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ioŋ⁵⁵/, /ĩõ⁵⁵/, /ĩẽ⁵⁵/
Note: ion5/iên5 - vernacular (俗) (iên5 - Chaozhou).
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 融 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐuŋ³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ʐuŋ²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /ʐuŋ⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /luŋ⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /iŋ⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ʐuŋ⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /yŋ²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /yə̃²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /yŋ⁵³/ /ʐuŋ⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ỹn⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /ioŋ²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /yoŋ³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /ioŋ²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /ioŋ³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /ioŋ²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /iŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /yəŋ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /yŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ʐũŋ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦioŋ²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ɦioŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ɦioŋ²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /joŋ³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /yʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | /in⁴⁴/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ioŋ¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /in¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /iuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iuŋ¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /ʒuŋ¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /joŋ²¹/ |
| Nanning | /juŋ²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /juŋ²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /iɔŋ³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /yŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /œyŋ²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /ioŋ⁵⁵/ /iõ⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /zɔŋ³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: yuwng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*luŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*luŋ/
Definitions
融
- † hot air; steam (during cooking)
- to melt
- to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise
- (economics) to circulate
- Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).
Compounds
- 乳水交融
- 交融 (jiāoróng)
- 六相圓融／六相圆融
- 其樂融融／其乐融融 (qílèróngróng)
- 包融
- 和氣融融／和气融融
- 圓融／圆融
- 圓融三諦／圆融三谛
- 孔融
- 孔融讓梨／孔融让梨
- 心融神會／心融神会
- 情景交融
- 春光融融
- 暖融融
- 核融合 (hérónghé)
- 樂融融／乐融融 (lèróngróng)
- 水乳交融 (shuǐrǔjiāoróng)
- 法融
- 消融 (xiāoróng)
- 熙熙融融
- 王融
- 祝融 (Zhùróng)
- 竇融／窦融
- 膠漆相融／胶漆相融
- 融丘
- 融冶
- 融券
- 融化 (rónghuà)
- 融匯／融汇 (rónghuì)
- 融合 (rónghé)
- 融和 (rónghé)
- 融會／融会 (rónghuì)
- 融會貫通／融会贯通 (rónghuìguàntōng)
- 融泄
- 融洽 (róngqià)
- 融為一體／融为一体 (róngwéiyītǐ)
- 融融 (róngróng)
- 融解 (róngjiě)
- 融解熱／融解热
- 融解點／融解点
- 融資／融资 (róngzī)
- 融通
- 融通物
- 融風／融风
- 通融 (tōngróng)
- 金融 (jīnróng)
- 金融公司 (jīnróng gōngsī)
- 金融卡 (jīnróngkǎ)
- 金融商品
- 金融市場／金融市场 (jīnróng shìchǎng)
- 金融業／金融业
- 金融機關／金融机关
- 金融赤字
- 鋁融接劑／铝融接剂
- 顯融／显融
- 馬融／马融
References
- “融”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
融
Readings
- Go-on: ゆ (yu)
- Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
- Kun: とおる (tōru, 融る); とける (tokeru, 融ける)
- Nanori: あき (aki); あきら (akira); あきらか (akiraka); すけ (suke); とお (tō); とおる (tōru); なかし (nakashi); ながし (nagashi); みち (michi); よし (yoshi)
Compounds
Compounds
- 核融合 (kaku yūgō, “nuclear fusion, karyogamy”)
- 核融合炉 (kakuyūgōro, “fusion reactor”)
- 金融 (kin'yū, “finance”)
- 金融危機 (kin'yū kiki, “financial crisis”)
- 金融市場 (kin'yū shijō, “financial market”)
- 祝融 (Shukuyū, “Zhurong, a Chinese god of fire and the south”)
- 常温核融合 (jōon kaku yūgō, “cold (nuclear) fusion”)
- 闇金融 (yamikin'yū, “loan shark”)
- 融化 (yūka, “thaw”)
- 融解 (yūkai, “melting; meltdown”)
- 融合 (yūgō, “fusion, blending, merger”)
- 融資 (yūshi, “financing, loan”)
- 融雪 (yūsetsu, “melting of snow”)
- 融点 (yūten, “melting point”)
- 融和 (yūwa, “harmony, reconciliation”)
- 溶融 (yōyū, “melting; meltdown”)
- 炉心熔融 (roshin yōyū, “meltdown”)
Korean
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key):
- Phonetic hangul:
Hanja
融 • (yung) (hangeul 융, revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)
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Vietnamese
Han character
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