Appendix:German cognates with English/Regular cognates with differing consonant values/Proto-Germanic Fricative Consonants

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Proto-Germanic Fricative Consonants

Proto-Germanic *f
German f ~ English v
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
elf eleve(n) eleven ellifu *ainalif
Fass vat barrel,
keg,
drum, cask,
vat		 fæt fat *fatą
Hof hov(el) yard,
garden;
court,
palace		 hof hof *hufą
Schaufel shovel shovel sċofl *skuflō
zwölf twelve twelve twelf *twalif
Proto-Germanic *h

The correspondences for *h are somewhat complicated as English exhibits two kinds of changes from *h. In English, *h can become a gh /∅/, or it can become gh /f/. This yields two possible rules of correspondence.

German ch ~ English gh /∅/
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Bucht bight bay,
bight		 byht bót *buhtiz
doch though still,
yet		 þēah þó *þauh
hoch high high hēah hár *hauhaz
mächtig mighty powerful,
mighty		 mihtiġ *mahtīgaz
tüchtig doughty efficient,
capable,
hard,
competent,
big		 dyhtiġ Proto-West Germanic *duhtīg
German ch ~ English ff
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German word Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
hauchen;
hauchte;
(ge)haucht		 huff;
huffed;
huffed		 to whisper,
to aspirate
German ch ~ English gh /f/
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German word Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
keuchen;
keuchte;
(ge)keucht		 cough;
coughed;
coughed		 to pant
lachen;
lachte;
(ge)lacht		 laugh;
laughed;
laughed		 to laugh hlehhan,
hliehhan		 *hlahjaną
zäh
(Bavarian: zach)		 tough chewy,
tough		 tōh *tanhuz
Proto-Germanic *s

Both languages exhibit some tendency to rhotacization.

German r ~ English z
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
frieren;
fror;
(ge)froren		 freeze;
froze;
frozen		 to freeze,
to be cold		 frēosan frjósa *freusaną
German s ~ English Ø
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Felse(n) fell boulder,
cliff		 fell,
fjall		 *falisaz
Hülse holly holly,
pod,
case		 holeġn,
holen		 Proto-West Germanic *hulis
unser our our ūre *unseraz
German s ~ English r
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Eisen iron iron īren *īsarną
(er)kiesen;
(er)kor;
(er)koren		 to choose choose;
chose;
chosen		 ċēosan *keusaną
Hase hare hare hara heri *hasô
German s ~ English s /z/, z
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Hasel hazel hazel hæsl *hasalaz
reisen;
reiste;
(ge)reist		 rise;
rose;
risen		 to travel *rīsaną
Proto-Germanic *þ
German d ~ English th

We treat alternations between voiced and unvoiced th as equivalent.

Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Adela/Adele (proper name) Ethel/Ethyl (proper name)
Bad bath bath bæþ bað *baþą
baden;
badete;
(ge)badet		 bathe;
bathed;
bathed		 to bathe baþian baða *baþōną
Bruder brother brother brōþor bróðir *brōþēr
da there there þār,
þǣr,
þēr		 þar,
þær		 *þar
Dach thatch roof þæċ *þaką
danken;
dankte;
(ge)dankt		 to thank thank;
thanked;
thanked		 þancian,
þoncian		 *þankōną
dann,
denn		 than,
then		 then þan,
þon,
þanne		 *þan
das,
dass		 that that þæt þat *þat
Daume(n) thumb thumb þūma *þūmô
Däum(ling) thimble thumbstall þȳmel *þūmilaz
denken;
dachte;
(ge)dacht		 think;
thought;
thought		 to think þencan *þankijaną
dick thick thick þicce þykkr *þekuz
Dieb ;
Diebe		 thief;
thieves		 thief þēof þjófr *þeubaz
Diele thill plank,
hallway,
foyer		 þille *þiljǭ
Ding thing thing þing þing *þingą
Distel thistle thistle þistel þistill *þistilaz
doch though still,
yet		 þēah *þauh
Dorn thorn thorn þorn þorn *þurnuz
Draht thread wire þrǣd *þrēduz
Drang throng urge,
drive
(Ge)dränge throng jostle,
throng
drehen;
drehte;
(ge)dreht		 throw;
thrown;
thrown		 to rotate,
to spin,
to turn		 þrāwan *þrēaną
drei three three þrī,
þrīe		 þrír *þrīz
dreschen;
drosch;
(ge)droschen		 thrash;
thrashed;
thrashed		 to thresh,
to thrash		 þrescan *þreskaną
dreschen;
drosch;
(ge)droschen		 thresh;
threshed;
threshed		 to thresh,
to thrash		 þrescan *þreskaną
Dross(el) throat throttle (mech.);
throat of game
(hunter's jargon)		 þrote
dünn thin thin þynne þunnr *þunnuz
durch thorough through þuruh *þurhw
durch through through þurh *þurhw
Durst thirst thirst þurst,
þyrst		 þorsti *þurstuz
Eid oath oath āþ eiðr *aiþaz
Erde Earth Earth eorþe jǫrð *erþō
Feder feather feather feþer fjǫðr *feþrō
gerade rather straight,
direct		 hraþor rǫð
Heide heath heath,
moor		 hǣþ heiðr *haiþī
Herd hearth stove,
cooker		 heorþ *herþaz
Leder leather leather leþer leðr *leþrą
leid loath weary,
sorry (anguish)		 lāþ leiðr *laiþaz
Magd maid;
maid(en)		 maidservant mæġden *magaþs
Mund mouth mouth mūþ muðr *munþaz
nieder nether down,
low		 niþer niðr *niþer
Norde(n) ;
nord-		 north north norþ norðr *nurþrą
Pfad path path pæþ *paþaz
Schade(n) scathe damage,
harm		 skaði *skaþô
Schmied smith smith smiþ smiðr *smiþaz
Schmiede smithy smithy smiðja *smiþjǭ
Schwade swath swath;
waft		 swæþ
sieden;
sott;
(ge)sotten		 seethe;
sod/seethed;
sodden/seethed		 to simmer,
to seethe		 sēoþan sjóða *seuþaną
Süde(n) ,
süd-		 south south sūþ suðr *sunþrą
Tod death death dēaþ dauðr *dauþuz
weder whether neither hwæþer *hwaþeraz
Widder wether ram,
wether		 weþer veðr *weþruz
wider with against wiþ
wieder with again wiþ
German t ~ English th
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Monat month month mōnaþ mánaðr *mēnōþs
Motte moth moth moþþe
tauen;
taute;
(ge)taut		 thaw;
thawed;
thawed		 to thaw þāwian
tausend thousand thousand þūsend þúsund *þūsundī
Wert;
wert		 worth worth weorþ verðr,
verð		 *werþaz
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